Certified Gastroenterology RN GI Anatomy and Pathophysiology 2 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which sphincter must relax to allow gastric contents to pass into the duodenum?
- Lower esophageal sphincter
- Pyloric sphincter (Correct answer)
- Sphincter of Oddi
- Ileocecal valve
Correct answer: Pyloric sphincter
The pyloric sphincter regulates emptying of gastric chyme into the duodenum.
Question 2: The sphincter of Oddi controls the flow of what into the duodenum?
- Gastric acid only
- Bile and pancreatic secretions (Correct answer)
- Chyme from the stomach
- Ileal contents
Correct answer: Bile and pancreatic secretions
The sphincter of Oddi regulates bile and pancreatic juice entering the duodenum at the ampulla of Vater.
Question 3: Which cells of the gastric mucosa secrete hydrochloric acid?
- Chief cells
- Parietal cells (Correct answer)
- G cells
- Mucous neck cells
Correct answer: Parietal cells
Parietal cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor.
Question 4: A patient with pernicious anemia most likely has a deficiency of which gastric product?
- Pepsinogen
- Gastrin
- Intrinsic factor (Correct answer)
- Somatostatin
Correct answer: Intrinsic factor
Intrinsic factor is required for vitamin B12 absorption in the terminal ileum, and its lack causes pernicious anemia.
Question 5: Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur in the GI tract?
- Stomach
- Small intestine (Correct answer)
- Cecum
- Sigmoid colon
Correct answer: Small intestine
The small intestine, with its villi and microvilli, is the primary site of nutrient absorption.
Question 6: Which portion of the small intestine absorbs vitamin B12 and bile salts?
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Terminal ileum (Correct answer)
- Pylorus
Correct answer: Terminal ileum
The terminal ileum is the site of B12 and bile salt reabsorption.
Question 7: The primary function of the large intestine is:
- Protein digestion
- Water and electrolyte reabsorption (Correct answer)
- Bile production
- Enzyme secretion
Correct answer: Water and electrolyte reabsorption
The colon reabsorbs water and electrolytes and forms stool.
Certified Gastroenterology RN GI Anatomy and Pathophysiology 2
Which sphincter must relax to allow gastric contents to pass into the duodenum?