Foundations of Dyslexia & Language-Based Learning Disabilities Flashcards
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Which brain imaging finding is most consistently associated with dyslexia in neurological research?
Answer: Reduced activation in left temporoparietal regions during reading
fMRI studies consistently show reduced activation in left temporoparietal areas (including the angular gyrus and Wernicke's area) in individuals with dyslexia during reading tasks.
The 'Simple View of Reading' (Gough & Tunmer, 1986) defines reading comprehension as the product of which two components?
Answer: Decoding and linguistic comprehension
The Simple View of Reading formula is RC = D × LC, meaning Reading Comprehension equals Decoding multiplied by Linguistic Comprehension.
Dyscalculia that co-occurs with dyslexia is best described as which type of comorbidity?
Answer: Comorbid condition sharing some neurological risk factors
Dyscalculia and dyslexia frequently co-occur and share some genetic and neurological risk factors, though they also have distinct etiological pathways.
Which term describes the phenomenon where a child with dyslexia reads words correctly but very slowly and with great effort?
Answer: Dysfluent decoding
Dysfluent decoding refers to accurate but labored, slow word reading that still reflects the core deficit in phonological processing even when accuracy improves.
According to the IDA definition, which of the following is NOT a primary characteristic of dyslexia?
Answer: Difficulties with reading comprehension caused by poor listening comprehension
The IDA definition specifies that reading comprehension difficulties in dyslexia result from deficits in phonological processing, not from poor listening/language comprehension (which would indicate a different profile).
The 'Wolf Naming Speed Deficit' refers to deficits in which cognitive process that is separate from phonological awareness?
Answer: Rapid automatized naming (RAN)
Maryanne Wolf's research identified rapid automatized naming (RAN) as a second core deficit in dyslexia, distinct from phonological awareness, leading to the double-deficit hypothesis.
Which genetic finding best supports the hereditary nature of dyslexia?
Answer: Heritability estimates range from 40–70% with multiple candidate genes identified
Twin and family studies show heritability estimates of 40–70% for dyslexia, with multiple candidate genes (e.g., DCDC2, KIAA0319) identified on several chromosomes.