CDS Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals 2 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response in individuals experiencing acute stress or pain?
- Parasympathetic division
- Sympathetic division (Correct answer)
- Somatic division
- Enteric division
Correct answer: Sympathetic division
The sympathetic division triggers fight-or-flight responses including increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and redirected blood flow to muscles.
Question 2: A client with a spinal cord injury at the C6 level would most likely retain function of which muscle group?
- Finger flexors
- Wrist extensors (Correct answer)
- Ankle dorsiflexors
- Hip abductors
Correct answer: Wrist extensors
C6 innervates wrist extensors, meaning individuals with C6 injuries typically retain wrist extension while losing hand grip and lower extremity function.
Question 3: The myelin sheath surrounding nerve axons is produced by which type of cell in the peripheral nervous system?
- Astrocytes
- Microglia
- Schwann cells (Correct answer)
- Oligodendrocytes
Correct answer: Schwann cells
Schwann cells produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system, while oligodendrocytes perform this function in the central nervous system.
Question 4: Which structure connects the cerebral hemispheres and allows communication between the left and right sides of the brain?
- Cerebellum
- Corpus callosum (Correct answer)
- Thalamus
- Brainstem
Correct answer: Corpus callosum
The corpus callosum is the large band of white matter fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication.
Question 5: In a person with paraplegia resulting from a thoracic spinal cord injury, which functions are most likely preserved?
- Bladder and bowel control
- Lower extremity movement
- Upper extremity strength and function (Correct answer)
- Trunk stability
Correct answer: Upper extremity strength and function
Thoracic spinal cord injuries cause paraplegia affecting the lower extremities and trunk, while upper extremity function remains intact.
Question 6: The synovial fluid found in joint cavities primarily serves which function relevant to musculoskeletal disability assessment?
- Transmitting nerve signals across joints
- Producing red blood cells for local circulation
- Lubricating and nourishing articular cartilage (Correct answer)
- Generating bone growth factors
Correct answer: Lubricating and nourishing articular cartilage
Synovial fluid lubricates joint surfaces and delivers nutrients to avascular cartilage, and its reduction or inflammation is central to conditions like arthritis.
Question 7: Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary and found in the walls of blood vessels and internal organs?
- Cardiac muscle
- Skeletal muscle
- Smooth muscle (Correct answer)
- Striated muscle
Correct answer: Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle is involuntary, non-striated, and lines the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels, controlling functions like digestion and blood pressure.
CDS Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals 2
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response in individuals experiencing acute stress or pain?