CCS CCS Career Counseling Theories & Models 2 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: In Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription and Compromise, 'circumscription' refers to:
- The process of narrowing career options based on perceived social acceptability (Correct answer)
- Negotiating salary below one's initial target
- Eliminating jobs due to geographic constraints
- Selecting careers based solely on income potential
Correct answer: The process of narrowing career options based on perceived social acceptability
Circumscription describes how children progressively eliminate career options that seem inconsistent with their developing sense of self, gender, and social class.
Question 2: A CCS using the Systems Theory Framework (STF) of career development would emphasize:
- Matching personality types to occupational codes
- The interaction between individual, social, and environmental-societal influences on career (Correct answer)
- Using behavioral interview techniques to identify client strengths
- Applying cognitive restructuring to overcome job search anxiety
Correct answer: The interaction between individual, social, and environmental-societal influences on career
The STF views career development as a dynamic interaction among individual, social, and societal systems rather than a linear matching process.
Question 3: Donald Super's concept of 'career maturity' in adolescents is analogous to which concept in adults?
- Career plateau
- Career adaptability (Correct answer)
- Career anchors
- Career transition
Correct answer: Career adaptability
Super later replaced 'career maturity' for adults with 'career adaptability' to reflect the ongoing, non-stage-bound nature of adult career development.
Question 4: Schein's Career Anchors model identifies eight self-concept anchors. A client who consistently prioritizes job security over advancement is most aligned with which anchor?
- Technical/Functional Competence
- Entrepreneurial Creativity
- Security/Stability (Correct answer)
- Lifestyle
Correct answer: Security/Stability
The Security/Stability anchor describes individuals who prioritize predictable employment and financial security above other career rewards.
Question 5: The Narrative Career Counseling approach, associated with Mark Savickas, helps clients by:
- Administering standardized aptitude tests to identify best-fit occupations
- Co-constructing a life story that reveals themes guiding career direction (Correct answer)
- Building keyword-optimized resumes based on job descriptions
- Teaching structured behavioral interview response frameworks
Correct answer: Co-constructing a life story that reveals themes guiding career direction
Narrative career counseling uses storytelling and thematic analysis to help clients discover the personal meanings and patterns that guide meaningful work.
Question 6: In Lent, Brown, and Hackett's Social Cognitive Career Theory, 'outcome expectations' are best described as:
- Employer expectations stated in job postings
- A person's beliefs about the results that will follow from performing career behaviors (Correct answer)
- Standardized salary benchmarks for occupations
- The probability of receiving a job offer after applying
Correct answer: A person's beliefs about the results that will follow from performing career behaviors
Outcome expectations are personal beliefs about the likely consequences of actions, such as believing networking will lead to job referrals.
CCS CCS Career Counseling Theories & Models 2
In Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription and Compromise, 'circumscription' refers to: