Anatomy and Physiology Basics Flashcards

Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by voluntary control, striated appearance, and multinucleated cells?

Answer: Skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, displays striations due to organized sarcomeres, and contains multiple nuclei per fiber.

During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves in which direction?

Answer: Inferiorly, increasing thoracic volume

Diaphragm contraction causes it to flatten and descend, increasing thoracic cavity volume and decreasing intrapulmonary pressure to draw air in.

The hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from which organ directly to the liver?

Answer: Small intestine

The hepatic portal vein primarily collects blood from the small intestine, delivering absorbed nutrients to the liver for processing.

Which bone marking is a rounded projection that articulates with another bone to form a joint?

Answer: Condyle

A condyle is a rounded articular prominence on a bone that forms part of a synovial joint, such as the femoral condyles of the knee.

Surfactant, which prevents alveolar collapse, is produced by which lung cells?

Answer: Type II pneumocytes

Type II pneumocytes (granular pneumocytes) synthesize and secrete pulmonary surfactant, reducing alveolar surface tension.

Which structure connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland and transports hormones such as ADH and oxytocin?

Answer: Pituitary stalk's axonal projections

ADH and oxytocin are synthesized in hypothalamic neurons and transported down axons through the infundibulum to be stored and released from the posterior pituitary.

The axial skeleton includes all of the following EXCEPT:

Answer: Clavicle

The clavicle is part of the pectoral girdle, which belongs to the appendicular skeleton, not the axial skeleton.