CCAT Anatomy & Physiology 4

Question 1

Which reflex arc is tested when the patellar tendon is tapped in a dog, and which spinal cord segments does it evaluate?

Accepted Answer

Patellar (knee-jerk) reflex; L4-L6

Answer

The patellar reflex (stifle jerk) tests the femoral nerve and spinal cord segments L4-L6 in dogs.

Question 2

The triceps brachii muscle in dogs performs which primary action at the elbow?

Accepted Answer

Elbow extension

Answer

The triceps brachii is the primary extensor of the elbow joint, acting via the olecranon process.

Question 3

In companion animal anatomy, which structure connects the fibula to the tibia at the level of the tarsus and is important in supporting the hock?

Accepted Answer

Calcaneofibular ligament

Answer

The calcaneofibular ligament connects the fibula to the calcaneus and is a key lateral stabilizer of the tarsocrural joint.

Question 4

What is the primary role of the iliopsoas muscle in canine hindlimb biomechanics?

Accepted Answer

Hip flexion and external rotation of the femur

Answer

The iliopsoas (iliacus + psoas major) flexes the hip and externally rotates the femur, initiating the swing phase of gait.

Question 5

In the canine spine, which intervertebral disc region is most predisposed to Hansen Type I disc extrusion due to chondroid metaplasia?

Accepted Answer

Thoracolumbar T11-L3

Answer

The thoracolumbar junction (T11-L3) is most commonly affected by Hansen Type I disc extrusions, especially in chondrodystrophic breeds.

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