CCAT Anatomy & Physiology 2 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which type of cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones in synovial joints of companion animals?
- Fibrocartilage
- Elastic cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage (Correct answer)
- Calcified cartilage
Correct answer: Hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces, providing a smooth, low-friction interface for joint movement.
Question 2: In dogs, the caudal cruciate ligament primarily prevents which movement of the tibia relative to the femur?
- Cranial tibial thrust
- Caudal tibial displacement (Correct answer)
- Medial rotation of the tibia
- Lateral rotation of the tibia
Correct answer: Caudal tibial displacement
The caudal cruciate ligament resists caudal displacement of the tibia relative to the femur.
Question 3: Which muscle group is primarily responsible for extension of the canine stifle joint?
- Hamstring group
- Quadriceps femoris group (Correct answer)
- Gastrocnemius group
- Iliopsoas group
Correct answer: Quadriceps femoris group
The quadriceps femoris group, including the rectus femoris and three vasti, extends the stifle joint.
Question 4: What is the primary function of the supraspinatus muscle in the canine forelimb?
- Flexion of the shoulder
- Extension and stabilization of the shoulder (Correct answer)
- Abduction of the shoulder
- Internal rotation of the shoulder
Correct answer: Extension and stabilization of the shoulder
The supraspinatus extends and stabilizes the shoulder joint, preventing excessive flexion during weight bearing.
Question 5: In companion animal anatomy, the term 'volar' refers to which surface of the distal limb?
- Cranial/dorsal surface
- Caudal/palmar or plantar surface (Correct answer)
- Lateral surface
- Medial surface
Correct answer: Caudal/palmar or plantar surface
Volar refers to the caudal surface of the distal limb, equivalent to the palmar (forelimb) or plantar (hindlimb) surface.
Question 6: Which nerve innervates the biceps brachii muscle in dogs and is commonly tested in neurological examinations?
- Radial nerve
- Musculocutaneous nerve (Correct answer)
- Median nerve
- Axillary nerve
Correct answer: Musculocutaneous nerve
The musculocutaneous nerve innervates the biceps brachii, and the biceps reflex tests spinal segments C6-C8.
Question 7: The sacroiliac joint in dogs is classified as which type of joint?
- Synovial diarthrodial joint
- Synchondrosis
- Syndesmosis (fibrous joint) (Correct answer)
- Synostosis
Correct answer: Syndesmosis (fibrous joint)
The sacroiliac joint is a syndesmosis, a fibrous joint held together by interosseous ligaments with minimal mobility.
CCAT Anatomy & Physiology 2
Which type of cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones in synovial joints of companion animals?