CASLI Generalist Certification Exam — Questions and Answers

Question 1: A platform interpreter notices that a Deaf student appears confused by an instructor's explanation during a lecture. What should the interpreter do?

Ignore it since the student can ask their own questions
Signal to the instructor that clarification may be needed (Correct answer)
Stop and explain the concept to the student directly
Add clarifying information to the interpretation without notifying anyone

Correct answer: Signal to the instructor that clarification may be needed

The interpreter may facilitate communication by signaling the need for clarification, but should not independently add explanations that alter the message.

Question 2: When Deaf community members reference 'oralism' negatively, they are typically referring to:

Historically enforced educational policies that banned signed languages in favor of speech (Correct answer)
The practice of using both ASL and spoken English simultaneously
The use of oral health metaphors in ASL educational materials
A communication style preference among late-deafened adults

Correct answer: Historically enforced educational policies that banned signed languages in favor of speech

Oralism was a dominant educational philosophy that suppressed signed languages and is a significant cultural trauma marker in Deaf history.

Question 3: A Deaf consumer's family member asks the interpreter to explain what was discussed in a confidential medical appointment. What should the interpreter do?

Share a brief summary since the family is trying to help the patient
Decline and explain that the content of the appointment is confidential (Correct answer)
Ask the Deaf consumer's permission before sharing any information
Suggest the family member ask the medical provider directly

Correct answer: Decline and explain that the content of the appointment is confidential

Confidentiality extends to all parties outside the assignment; interpreters must decline to share information from interpreted sessions.

Question 4: Visual vernacular (VV) in ASL is best described as:

A dialect of ASL spoken primarily in the American South
A highly visual storytelling technique using cinematic techniques within ASL (Correct answer)
A system of manually coded English used in educational settings
The use of assistive technology to project signs on a screen

Correct answer: A highly visual storytelling technique using cinematic techniques within ASL

Visual vernacular is an artistic ASL form that employs camera angles, zooms, and perspective shifts through the body.

Question 5: What is the PRIMARY benefit of using data-driven decision making in Center for the Assessment of Sign Language Interpretation management?

It simplifies the decision-making process to one approach
It guarantees positive results for every decision
It provides objective evidence to support decisions, reduce bias, and track outcomes (Correct answer)
It eliminates the need for professional judgment

Correct answer: It provides objective evidence to support decisions, reduce bias, and track outcomes

Data-driven decision making provides objective evidence that supports more informed decisions, helps reduce personal bias, and enables tracking of outcomes to evaluate effectiveness. It complements, rather than replaces, professional judgment.

Question 6: In performing arts interpreting, 'non-manual markers' (NMMs) serve a critical cultural function because they:

Replace the spoken soundtrack for hearing-impaired audience members
Carry grammatical and emotional information integral to ASL meaning (Correct answer)
Signal transitions between different performers in a production
Indicate when an interpreter is uncertain about a sign choice

Correct answer: Carry grammatical and emotional information integral to ASL meaning

NMMs including facial expressions, mouth movements, and body posture are grammatically essential in ASL, not decorative.

Question 7: What is the value of continuing education in simultaneous interpreting for CASLI professionals?

It keeps professionals current with evolving standards and practices (Correct answer)
It is primarily a social activity
It replaces workplace experience
It is only needed for recertification

Correct answer: It keeps professionals current with evolving standards and practices

Continuing education ensures professionals stay current with the latest developments, standards, and best practices in their field.

Question 8: A CDI (Certified Deaf Interpreter) and a hearing interpreter are working as a team. Who holds ethical responsibility for the accuracy of the final interpreted message?

The agency that hired the team bears the primary responsibility
Both interpreters share equal ethical responsibility (Correct answer)
Only the hearing interpreter, since they have direct access to the spoken language
Only the CDI, since they share the same language modality as the consumer

Correct answer: Both interpreters share equal ethical responsibility

In team interpreting, all interpreters share responsibility for the accuracy and ethical delivery of the interpretation.

Question 9: A Deaf consumer requests that an interpreter not disclose their Deaf identity to other participants before the meeting. The interpreter should:

Refuse because interpreters must always identify all parties
Announce the consumer's Deaf identity anyway for logistical reasons
Contact the NAD-RID ethics board before proceeding
Honor the request, as consumer confidentiality and autonomy are paramount (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Honor the request, as consumer confidentiality and autonomy are paramount

Interpreters must respect consumer confidentiality and autonomy unless disclosure is legally required.

Question 10: In a CASLI evaluation, an interpreter's simultaneous output includes frequent false starts and self-corrections. This most directly affects which scoring domain?

Message Equivalence
Source Language Comprehension
Cultural Mediation
Fluency and Prosody (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Fluency and Prosody

Frequent false starts and self-corrections disrupt the fluency and prosody of the target language output, indicating reduced automaticity and processing efficiency.

Question 11: Which scenario represents a violation of the impartiality tenet in the RID Code of Professional Conduct?

An interpreter uses the consumer's preferred communication mode
An interpreter edits a Deaf person's message to sound 'more professional' to a hearing employer (Correct answer)
An interpreter asks for a brief break during a long assignment
An interpreter requests preparation materials before a specialized assignment

Correct answer: An interpreter edits a Deaf person's message to sound 'more professional' to a hearing employer

Editing a consumer's message to manage impressions violates impartiality by imposing the interpreter's judgment on the communication.

Question 12: An interpreter realizes mid-assignment that they lack the subject-matter competency needed for a highly technical legal deposition. What should they do?

Continue and do their best so as not to disrupt the proceedings
Request a brief recess and disclose competency limitations to the coordinating party (Correct answer)
Ask the Deaf consumer to simplify their language to compensate
Speed up their pace to minimize the time spent outside their competency

Correct answer: Request a brief recess and disclose competency limitations to the coordinating party

Ethical practice requires interpreters to recognize and disclose competency limitations so appropriate measures can be taken to protect all parties.

Question 13: When a Deaf student interrupts class to ask the interpreter a question unrelated to the lesson, the appropriate interpreter response is to:

Sign to the student to write the question down for later
Redirect the student to the teacher or appropriate staff member (Correct answer)
Ignore the interruption and continue interpreting the lesson
Answer the student's question quietly to keep the interaction brief

Correct answer: Redirect the student to the teacher or appropriate staff member

Interpreters do not serve as tutors or advisors; off-topic questions should be redirected to the appropriate school personnel.

Question 14: A CASLI rater observing 'false starts and repairs' in a candidate's ASL production would most likely score this as affecting which competency area?

Comprehension of the source text
Fluency and prosody in target language production (Correct answer)
Cultural mediation skills
Ethical decision-making

Correct answer: Fluency and prosody in target language production

Frequent false starts and repairs interrupt the flow of the interpretation and are evaluated under target language fluency and prosody in CASLI's production criteria.

Question 15: In the CASLI performance assessment, what does 'message equivalence' primarily evaluate?

Whether the interpreter signed every word
The interpreter's speed and fluency of production only
Whether the interpreter used Signed Exact English
The degree to which the interpreted message conveys the same meaning, intent, and effect as the source (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The degree to which the interpreted message conveys the same meaning, intent, and effect as the source

Message equivalence is the core criterion: does the interpreted output faithfully represent the source message's meaning, intent, and pragmatic effect?

Question 16: Cultural humility in interpreting practice differs from cultural competence in that it:

Is only relevant when working with Deaf individuals from non-Western countries
Requires mastery of all cultural norms before working with any Deaf community
Emphasizes ongoing self-reflection and openness over achieving a fixed level of knowledge (Correct answer)
Focuses solely on learning community-specific vocabulary and signs

Correct answer: Emphasizes ongoing self-reflection and openness over achieving a fixed level of knowledge

Cultural humility is a lifelong process of self-examination and learning rather than a measurable endpoint.

Question 17: Why is facial expression important in ASL?

For humor
To distract audience
To convey tone and structure (Correct answer)
To rest hands

Correct answer: To convey tone and structure

In ASL, facial expressions are not merely for emotion; they are integral grammatical components that convey tone, mood, and even syntactic information. Non-manual markers, including facial expressions, can differentiate between questions and statements, indicate adverbs, or show the intensity of an action. They are essential for a complete and accurate understanding of signed communication.

Question 18: A new interpreter is offered a VRS (Video Relay Service) shift but has never worked in a VRS setting before. What is the ethical obligation?

Decline all VRS work until they complete a formal VRS training program
Accept and learn on the job since all interpreting uses the same skills
Accept only if they can shadow a senior interpreter on the first shift
Disclose their lack of VRS experience and assess whether they have sufficient competency (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Disclose their lack of VRS experience and assess whether they have sufficient competency

Self-assessment of competency for specific settings is an ethical obligation; the interpreter must honestly evaluate whether they can meet the demands of VRS interpreting.

Question 19: A CDI (Certified Deaf Interpreter) is most effectively utilized in which of the following situations?

Assignments requiring simultaneous interpretation only
Situations involving Deaf-Blind consumers, foreign sign language users, or consumers with minimal language competency (Correct answer)
Legal settings exclusively
Any assignment where a hearing interpreter is unavailable

Correct answer: Situations involving Deaf-Blind consumers, foreign sign language users, or consumers with minimal language competency

CDIs bring native language fluency and cultural knowledge critical when communication access is especially complex.

Question 20: An interpreter finishes a consecutive rendition and realizes they used a culturally inappropriate English equivalent for a Deaf community cultural concept. They should:

Offer a brief cultural note or correction to ensure the hearing party understands the intended meaning (Correct answer)
Ignore it since the rendition is complete
Write a post-session report but say nothing during the session
Blame the Deaf speaker's word choice

Correct answer: Offer a brief cultural note or correction to ensure the hearing party understands the intended meaning

Offering a cultural note or correction mid-session is acceptable professional practice when a rendition may have misrepresented cultural meaning.

Question 21: A CASLI medical interpreter encounters a term for a new pharmaceutical drug with no established ASL equivalent. The best approach is to:

Invent a new ASL sign on the spot and use it consistently
Use the English word orally without any visual representation
Omit the drug name and describe its function instead
Fingerspell the drug name and coordinate a descriptor or initialized sign with the Deaf consumer if appropriate (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Fingerspell the drug name and coordinate a descriptor or initialized sign with the Deaf consumer if appropriate

Fingerspelling establishes the term accurately while collaborating with the Deaf consumer on a working representation respects linguistic agency.

Question 22: What is the primary purpose of a code of ethics in CASLI practice?

To restrict professional freedom
To guide professional conduct and protect the public (Correct answer)
To increase certification fees
To complicate decision-making

Correct answer: To guide professional conduct and protect the public

A code of ethics provides guidance for professional conduct while protecting the public from unethical practices.

Question 23: How frequently should ongoing assessments be conducted in Center for the Assessment of Sign Language Interpretation practice?

Only when problems are reported
Once annually regardless of circumstances
Only when required by external auditors
At regular intervals based on established protocols and as conditions change (Correct answer)

Correct answer: At regular intervals based on established protocols and as conditions change

Ongoing assessments should follow established protocols for regular intervals and also be conducted when conditions change. This balanced approach ensures continuous monitoring while remaining responsive to new developments.

Question 24: What is the PRIMARY benefit of using data-driven decision making in Center for the Assessment of Sign Language Interpretation management?

It eliminates the need for professional judgment
It guarantees positive results for every decision
It provides objective evidence to support decisions, reduce bias, and track outcomes (Correct answer)
It simplifies the decision-making process to one approach

Correct answer: It provides objective evidence to support decisions, reduce bias, and track outcomes

Question 25: How do Deaf cultural norms typically handle interruptions during a signed conversation?

Deaf cultural norms do not address interruptions, leaving it to individual preference
Interruptions are handled by using a specific 'pause' sign before speaking
Touching someone lightly on the arm or waving in their visual field is an accepted way to get attention without being considered rude (Correct answer)
Interruptions are considered rude in all contexts and are strictly avoided

Correct answer: Touching someone lightly on the arm or waving in their visual field is an accepted way to get attention without being considered rude

In Deaf culture, lightly tapping someone's shoulder or arm, or waving in their peripheral vision, is the culturally accepted way to gain someone's attention and is not considered rude.

Question 26: In simultaneous interpreting, what is the primary cognitive challenge that distinguishes it from consecutive interpreting?

Managing note-taking while listening
Retaining long passages of source text
Simultaneously processing incoming and producing outgoing language (Correct answer)
Coordinating with co-interpreters during relay

Correct answer: Simultaneously processing incoming and producing outgoing language

Simultaneous interpreting requires the interpreter to listen, process, and produce language output at the same time, creating a dual-task cognitive load not present in consecutive interpreting.

Question 27: Which of the following best describes 'consecutive interpretation' as used in legal witness examination?

The interpreter repeats the source message verbatim in the target language
The interpreter waits for a complete thought before rendering it (Correct answer)
Two interpreters alternate every 20 minutes to reduce fatigue
The interpreter signs simultaneously while the witness speaks

Correct answer: The interpreter waits for a complete thought before rendering it

Consecutive interpretation involves waiting for a complete utterance or thought before rendering the interpretation, commonly used in question-and-answer settings.

Question 28: An interpreter overhears a colleague sharing details of a recent assignment at a social gathering. What is the most appropriate response?

Ignore it since it is a private social setting
Report the colleague immediately to the certification board
Join the conversation to see if the information is truly confidential
Privately remind the colleague of their confidentiality obligations (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Privately remind the colleague of their confidentiality obligations

A private, collegial reminder respects professional norms and addresses the breach without escalating prematurely.

Question 29: A video remote interpreting (VRI) platform asks an interpreter to sign off on a session log that includes time they did not actually work. What is the correct response?

Refuse to sign and report the discrepancy to the appropriate party (Correct answer)
Consult a colleague before deciding
Sign off to avoid conflict with the employer
Adjust their own records to match the log

Correct answer: Refuse to sign and report the discrepancy to the appropriate party

Signing a false record is fraudulent; interpreters must maintain honesty and integrity in all professional dealings.

Question 30: What ethical principle from the RID Code of Professional Conduct addresses an interpreter's obligation regarding confidentiality?

Interpreters must keep all assignment-related information confidential, sharing it only when legally required or with explicit consumer consent (Correct answer)
Interpreters are exempt from confidentiality when working in public settings
Interpreters may share assignment details with colleagues to improve their skills
Confidentiality applies only in medical and legal settings, not in educational or community contexts

Correct answer: Interpreters must keep all assignment-related information confidential, sharing it only when legally required or with explicit consumer consent

The RID Code of Professional Conduct requires interpreters to treat all information from assignments as confidential, regardless of the setting, sharing only under legally mandated circumstances.

Question 31: In ASL, which handshape is used in the classifier predicate representing a standing person?

V handshape
1 handshape (Correct answer)
5 handshape
B handshape

Correct answer: 1 handshape

The 1 handshape (index finger extended upright) is the classifier for a person in an upright standing position in ASL classifier predicates.

Question 32: Which of the following represents a 'false start' error in consecutive ASL-to-English interpreting?

Pausing briefly to recall a specific term before continuing fluently
Beginning an English sentence, abandoning it mid-clause, and restarting with a different structure (Correct answer)
Asking the Deaf speaker a clarification question before beginning the rendition
Using a filled pause like 'um' once during a long rendition

Correct answer: Beginning an English sentence, abandoning it mid-clause, and restarting with a different structure

A false start occurs when the interpreter begins producing a target-language utterance but abandons and restarts it, indicating incomplete planning before production.

Question 33: What is 'Sim-Com' (Simultaneous Communication) and how is it viewed in ASL interpreting?

A method of communicating through text and sign simultaneously, accepted in educational settings
A relay service that allows Deaf people to make phone calls, similar to VRS
Speaking English and signing at the same time — generally considered problematic because it distorts both languages (Correct answer)
A communication system using computers to translate ASL in real time, widely used by interpreters

Correct answer: Speaking English and signing at the same time — generally considered problematic because it distorts both languages

Sim-Com involves speaking and signing simultaneously, but because English and ASL have different grammatical structures, it typically distorts both, compromising communication quality.

Question 34: A Deaf consumer's communication style shifts noticeably during an interpreted medical crisis. The interpreter should:

Ask the physician to simplify their language instead
Maintain the same interpreting style regardless of the consumer's shifts
Stop interpreting until the consumer stabilizes
Dynamically adapt register and pacing to match the consumer's current communication needs (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Dynamically adapt register and pacing to match the consumer's current communication needs

Effective interpreters continuously adapt to the consumer's communication style, especially during high-stress moments.

Question 35: During a mental health session, a client discloses a credible plan to harm a specific person. What should the interpreter do?

Keep the information confidential per professional ethics
Interpret the disclosure accurately so the clinician can respond (Correct answer)
Ask the client to repeat the statement to confirm understanding
Interrupt and directly warn the potential victim

Correct answer: Interpret the disclosure accurately so the clinician can respond

The interpreter's role is to convey the message faithfully; the licensed clinician—not the interpreter—holds the duty-to-warn obligation.

Question 36: During a simultaneous interpreting task on the CASLI performance exam, an interpreter encounters an unfamiliar proper noun. The best approach is to:

Stop and ask the source speaker to spell the name
Omit the proper noun to avoid errors
Fingerspell or voice the proper noun as accurately as possible and continue (Correct answer)
Replace the proper noun with a generic descriptor

Correct answer: Fingerspell or voice the proper noun as accurately as possible and continue

Fingerspelling or voicing an unfamiliar proper noun preserves the information and signals transparency to consumers, while omitting it constitutes a significant error of omission.

Question 37: On which ethical ground would it be most appropriate for an interpreter to decline a team assignment?

When the Deaf consumer has expressed a preference for a solo interpreter
When they have an unresolved personal or professional conflict with the assigned team partner (Correct answer)
When they are unfamiliar with the content area but still have adequate preparation time available
When the assignment is expected to last only 90 minutes

Correct answer: When they have an unresolved personal or professional conflict with the assigned team partner

An unresolved conflict with a team partner that could compromise professional conduct or interpretation quality constitutes valid ethical grounds to decline.

Question 38: What is the primary purpose of the CASLI Code of Ethics for interpreters seeking certification?

To provide a framework of professional standards and ethical conduct (Correct answer)
To establish minimum wage standards for professional interpreters
To rank interpreters by skill level for agency referrals
To list specific techniques for interpreting in medical settings

Correct answer: To provide a framework of professional standards and ethical conduct

The CASLI Code of Ethics establishes professional standards and ethical conduct expectations for interpreters seeking and maintaining certification.

Question 39: Which of the following is a hallmark sign of interpreter fatigue during simultaneous interpreting?

Omissions, additions, and substitution errors that increase over time (Correct answer)
Faster processing speed with fewer hesitations
More accurate rendering of technical vocabulary
Increased use of appropriate ASL classifiers

Correct answer: Omissions, additions, and substitution errors that increase over time

Interpreter fatigue manifests as declining accuracy—more omissions, errors, and substitutions—especially as an assignment progresses without rotation.

Question 40: What distinguishes 'consecutive' interpreting from 'simultaneous' interpreting in terms of ethical considerations?

In consecutive interpreting, the interpreter must take notes that must later be destroyed
Both modalities carry the same core ethical obligations of fidelity and confidentiality (Correct answer)
Simultaneous interpreting is exempt from confidentiality requirements
Consecutive interpreting requires a CDI while simultaneous does not

Correct answer: Both modalities carry the same core ethical obligations of fidelity and confidentiality

Regardless of the mode used, interpreters carry the same fundamental ethical obligations including fidelity, confidentiality, and impartiality.

Question 41: Which action best reflects the CASLI principle of 'maintaining professional boundaries' in a long-term interpreting relationship?

Sharing personal contact information for emergencies
Socializing with consumers outside work to build rapport
Becoming a personal advisor to the Deaf consumer over time
Maintaining consistent professional conduct and avoiding dual relationships (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Maintaining consistent professional conduct and avoiding dual relationships

Professional boundaries prevent dual relationships that could compromise impartiality and objectivity regardless of relationship length.

Question 42: What is the impact of cultural competence in interpretation?

Delays responses
Adds jargon
Shortens appointments
Promotes trust and effective communication (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Promotes trust and effective communication

Cultural competence significantly impacts interpretation by fostering trust and enabling more effective communication. When interpreters understand and respect cultural differences, they can navigate interactions smoothly, accurately convey culturally specific meanings, and build rapport with clients. This leads to clearer exchanges and stronger relationships between all parties, thus 'Promotes trust and effective communication' is the correct impact.

Question 43: What does the ethical principle of 'consumer autonomy' require of an interpreter?

The interpreter defers to the hearing party in all communication decisions
The interpreter selects the most beneficial communication mode for the consumer
The interpreter makes decisions on behalf of the Deaf consumer when needed
The interpreter respects the consumer's right to make their own informed decisions (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The interpreter respects the consumer's right to make their own informed decisions

Consumer autonomy means interpreters respect and support consumers' rights to self-determination without imposing the interpreter's own judgment.

Question 44: When an interpreter accepts an assignment that exceeds their skill level without disclosure, which ethical principle is primarily violated?

Confidentiality
Professional competence and integrity (Correct answer)
Cultural mediation
Consumer preference

Correct answer: Professional competence and integrity

Accepting work beyond one's competency without disclosure violates the ethical principle of professional integrity and can harm consumers.

Question 45: The distinction between ASL 'GIVE' directed toward the signer versus away from the signer demonstrates which morphological feature?

Directional (agreement) verb inflection (Correct answer)
Temporal inflection
Classifier use
Aspect marking

Correct answer: Directional (agreement) verb inflection

Directional verbs in ASL move between subject and object loci in signing space, incorporating both subject and object agreement simultaneously.

Question 46: What is the term for a hearing person born to Deaf parents who grows up immersed in Deaf culture?

CODA (Child of Deaf Adults) (Correct answer)
HoH (Hard of Hearing)
TC (Total Communication)
SODA (Sibling of Deaf Adults)

Correct answer: CODA (Child of Deaf Adults)

CODA stands for Child of Deaf Adults and refers to hearing children raised by Deaf parents, who are often bilingual and bicultural, navigating both Deaf and hearing worlds.

Question 47: What should an interpreter do when there's a conflict of interest?

Change topic
Accept the job
Disclose and recuse if necessary (Correct answer)
Ignore it

Correct answer: Disclose and recuse if necessary

When an interpreter identifies a conflict of interest, their ethical duty is to immediately disclose it to all involved parties. If the conflict cannot be managed without compromising impartiality or the integrity of the interpretation, the interpreter must recuse themselves from the assignment. This ensures that the interpreting service remains unbiased and professional, making 'Disclose and recuse if necessary' the appropriate action.

Question 48: How does the Deaf community generally view cochlear implants for prelingually deaf children?

There is significant debate, with many Deaf adults viewing implantation — especially without Deaf cultural exposure — as a threat to Deaf identity and community (Correct answer)
Cochlear implants are fully embraced because they allow children to attend mainstream schools
The Deaf community has no official stance on cochlear implants
The community universally supports cochlear implants as they restore full hearing

Correct answer: There is significant debate, with many Deaf adults viewing implantation — especially without Deaf cultural exposure — as a threat to Deaf identity and community

Cochlear implants for Deaf children are controversial in the Deaf community, with concerns that they pathologize deafness and deprive children of Deaf cultural identity and language.

Question 49: A new interpreter's agency assigns them to interpret a highly technical medical procedure they have not prepared for. What is the ethical obligation?

Accept and do their best in the moment
Accept but ask the surgeon to speak slowly
Refuse without explanation
Disclose their limited preparation and ask for preparation time or a more qualified interpreter (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Disclose their limited preparation and ask for preparation time or a more qualified interpreter

Professional ethics require interpreters to work only within their competence and to be transparent when an assignment exceeds their preparation.

Question 50: In CASLI practice, what is the best approach to quality improvement in simultaneous interpreting?

Use data-driven methods with measurable outcomes (Correct answer)
Make changes without measuring results
Wait for problems to occur before acting
Copy what other organizations do without analysis

Correct answer: Use data-driven methods with measurable outcomes

Data-driven quality improvement with measurable outcomes ensures that changes actually produce the intended improvements and can be verified.

Question 51: A parent who is hearing insists the interpreter tell them what their Deaf adult child said privately to a doctor. What should the interpreter do?

Tell the parent since parents have the right to medical information
Ask the doctor to decide
Provide a summary without direct quotes
Decline; the adult Deaf patient's confidentiality must be protected (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Decline; the adult Deaf patient's confidentiality must be protected

Adult patients have the right to medical privacy regardless of family dynamics; the interpreter must uphold that confidentiality.

Question 52: A Deaf consumer asks the interpreter to voice-off during a portion of the session because they prefer to speak for themselves. What should the interpreter do?

Refuse since interpreting all communication is required by the assignment
Continue voicing at a lower volume to remain available
Consult the hearing party before complying with the Deaf consumer's request
Honor the consumer's request and step back from voicing during that portion (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Honor the consumer's request and step back from voicing during that portion

Respecting consumer autonomy means honoring the Deaf consumer's right to determine their preferred mode of communication during an assignment.

Question 53: Which aspect of ASL grammar is conveyed by prolonging and repeating the movement of a verb?

Temporal sequence
Aspectual inflection (e.g., continuative aspect) (Correct answer)
Subject agreement
Negation

Correct answer: Aspectual inflection (e.g., continuative aspect)

Repeating and elongating a verb's movement in ASL marks continuative aspect, indicating an action is ongoing or habitual.

Question 54: Which of the following best describes 'semantic equivalence' in a simultaneous interpreting evaluation?

Producing grammatically correct sentences in the target language
Matching the emotional tone of the speaker exactly
Conveying the same meaning and intent as the source message (Correct answer)
Using the same number of words in both source and target

Correct answer: Conveying the same meaning and intent as the source message

Semantic equivalence means the interpreted message carries the same informational content and intent as the source, regardless of structural or lexical differences.

Question 55: A Deaf attorney who uses ASL requests an interpreter for their own court appearances as counsel. Under the ADA, this accommodation must be provided by:

The attorney's law firm as the employer (Correct answer)
The client the attorney is representing
The court as a public entity under Title II
The state bar association

Correct answer: The attorney's law firm as the employer

When a Deaf attorney needs an interpreter for their employment duties, Title I of the ADA applies and the employer—the law firm—is responsible.

Question 56: An interpreter working with a Deaf immigrant who uses International Sign and a home sign system should first:

Ask the hearing professional to speak more slowly
Request a team that includes a CDI with International Sign exposure (Correct answer)
Proceed using standard ASL and expect the client to adapt
Use only fingerspelling to ensure precision

Correct answer: Request a team that includes a CDI with International Sign exposure

Language diversity among Deaf individuals requires flexible team composition to ensure genuine communication access.

Question 57: Reduplication in ASL most commonly marks which grammatical category?

Possession
Future tense
Negation
Aspect (especially continuative or iterative aspect) (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Aspect (especially continuative or iterative aspect)

Reduplication—repeating a sign's movement—typically marks aspectual meaning in ASL, such as indicating a habitual or ongoing action.

Question 58: An interpreter is contacted by a law enforcement officer after an interpreted criminal investigation to recount what a suspect said during the session. What should the interpreter do?

Immediately call the Deaf suspect to inform them of the request
Decline unless compelled by a valid subpoena or court order (Correct answer)
Share only information the interpreter personally witnessed, not interpreted content
Cooperate fully since law enforcement supersedes confidentiality

Correct answer: Decline unless compelled by a valid subpoena or court order

Confidentiality is maintained even with law enforcement; disclosure requires a legal compulsion such as a subpoena or court order.

Question 59: In Deaf cultural events, what is the typical expectation about the use of voice by hearing people present?

Hearing people are expected to use a voice interpreter at all times
There are no expectations placed on hearing attendees at Deaf cultural events
At Deaf events, hearing people are generally expected to minimize voice use and communicate through sign or written means (Correct answer)
Hearing people are encouraged to speak loudly so Deaf attendees can lip-read more easily

Correct answer: At Deaf events, hearing people are generally expected to minimize voice use and communicate through sign or written means

At Deaf cultural events and 'Deaf space' gatherings, hearing attendees are typically expected to use sign language or written communication rather than voice, out of respect for the Deaf-centered environment.

Question 60: What is 'Deaf-World' as used by scholars like Harlan Lane?

A government program providing services specifically to Deaf individuals
An online social media platform exclusively for Deaf people
A conceptual term for the rich social, linguistic, and cultural community that Deaf people inhabit (Correct answer)
A theme park designed to be fully accessible for Deaf visitors

Correct answer: A conceptual term for the rich social, linguistic, and cultural community that Deaf people inhabit

Harlan Lane and other scholars use 'Deaf-World' to describe the distinct social, linguistic, and cultural community of Deaf people — emphasizing it as a minority culture rather than a disability group.

Question 61: What is the PRIMARY purpose of obtaining CASLI certification in Center for the Assessment of Sign Language Interpretation?

To satisfy a personal achievement goal
To bypass educational requirements
To guarantee employment in the field
To demonstrate verified competency and adherence to professional standards (Correct answer)

Correct answer: To demonstrate verified competency and adherence to professional standards

Professional certification demonstrates that an individual has met established competency standards through verified assessment. It provides assurance to employers, clients, and the public that the certified professional possesses the knowledge and skills required for competent practice.

Question 62: What is the FIRST consideration when designing a solution in Center for the Assessment of Sign Language Interpretation practice?

Selecting the preferred technology or method
Available budget constraints
Establishing the project timeline
Understanding requirements, constraints, and stakeholder needs (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Understanding requirements, constraints, and stakeholder needs

Effective design begins with a thorough understanding of requirements, constraints, and stakeholder needs. Without this foundation, design decisions may not align with actual needs, leading to costly revisions or unsatisfactory outcomes.

Question 63: Cultural mediation in sign language interpreting differs from cultural brokering primarily because:

Mediation focuses on facilitating understanding without replacing either party's agency (Correct answer)
Mediation always involves a third neutral party separate from the interpreter
Mediation requires written documentation of cultural differences
Brokering is limited to Deaf-Blind interpreting contexts

Correct answer: Mediation focuses on facilitating understanding without replacing either party's agency

Cultural mediation facilitates mutual understanding while preserving participant autonomy, unlike brokering which implies greater interpreter authority.

Question 64: An interpreter notices that a Deaf client's humor relies on a visual-spatial pun that has no equivalent in English. The best approach is to:

Substitute an unrelated English joke to maintain mood
Render the semantic intent and flag the cultural-linguistic loss briefly (Correct answer)
Omit the humor entirely to keep the message professional
Ask the Deaf client to rephrase without humor

Correct answer: Render the semantic intent and flag the cultural-linguistic loss briefly

Conveying semantic intent while transparently noting the linguistic gap preserves the message and models professional candor.

Question 65: Which of the following is a recognized strategy for managing medical register and technical terminology in ASL interpreting?

Fingerspelling unfamiliar terms and asking the provider to explain them to the patient (Correct answer)
Substituting lay terms whenever the equivalent ASL sign is unknown
Using English mouthing with every sign to clarify technical terms
Relying exclusively on initialized signs for all medical vocabulary

Correct answer: Fingerspelling unfamiliar terms and asking the provider to explain them to the patient

Fingerspelling introduces the term and prompting the provider to explain ensures accurate patient understanding without the interpreter adding or altering content.

Question 66: In the CASLI field, what does the duty of competence require?

Working beyond one's training
Knowing everything
Maintaining current knowledge and skills within one's scope (Correct answer)
Avoiding difficult cases

Correct answer: Maintaining current knowledge and skills within one's scope

The duty of competence requires practitioners to maintain current knowledge and skills, and to work within the boundaries of their training and expertise.

Question 67: How should an interpreter handle a situation where two consumers in the same interpreted session are in direct conflict with each other?

Withdraw from the assignment to avoid complicity in the conflict
Mediate the conflict using their knowledge of both cultures
Interpret impartially for both parties without favoring either (Correct answer)
Side with the party who appears more credible

Correct answer: Interpret impartially for both parties without favoring either

The interpreter must remain impartial and serve all parties equally, even in adversarial situations, which is their core ethical obligation.

Question 68: Why must interpreters understand cultural norms?

To increase formality
To write essays
To mimic clients
To ensure respectful and accurate interaction (Correct answer)

Correct answer: To ensure respectful and accurate interaction

Understanding cultural norms is crucial for interpreters to provide respectful and accurate communication. It allows them to interpret messages within their appropriate cultural context, avoiding misunderstandings or unintentional offense. This awareness ensures that interactions are not only linguistically correct but also culturally sensitive and effective, which is why 'To ensure respectful and accurate interaction' is important.

Question 69: When is it ethically permissible for an interpreter to break confidentiality without the consumer's consent?

When another interpreter on the team needs context to take over the assignment
When the interpreter is subpoenaed or there is an imminent safety risk (Correct answer)
When the consumer is a public figure and the information is newsworthy
When a supervisor requests information for quality assurance purposes

Correct answer: When the interpreter is subpoenaed or there is an imminent safety risk

Confidentiality may be broken only under legal compulsion such as a subpoena, or when there is a serious and imminent risk to the safety of someone.

Question 70: An educational interpreter working with a DeafBlind student using tactile ASL must:

Fingerspell all communication because tactile signing is not standard practice
Use standard visual ASL at close range and allow the student to watch hands
Place the student's hands on the interpreter's hands to receive signs through touch (Correct answer)
Use a ProTactile communication approach only in residential settings

Correct answer: Place the student's hands on the interpreter's hands to receive signs through touch

Tactile ASL involves the DeafBlind individual placing their hands on the interpreter's hands to feel signs, which is the standard method for tactile sign language interpreting.

Question 71: The 'Deaf President Now' (DPN) movement of 1988 is culturally significant to interpreters because it:

Established the legal framework for sign language interpreting certification
Led to the ADA's passage requiring workplace accommodations
Demonstrated Deaf community agency and the political dimensions of Deaf cultural identity (Correct answer)
Created the first federally funded ASL interpreter training program

Correct answer: Demonstrated Deaf community agency and the political dimensions of Deaf cultural identity

DPN at Gallaudet University was a watershed moment asserting Deaf self-determination and is central to Deaf cultural literacy.

Question 72: An interpreter is working at a mental health intake appointment and realizes the client is their neighbor. What is the most ethical course of action?

Interpret but avoid eye contact to maintain professional distance
Continue interpreting since they already know the client
Ask the client privately if they mind before proceeding
Disclose the conflict to the parties and withdraw from the assignment (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Disclose the conflict to the parties and withdraw from the assignment

When a pre-existing relationship creates a conflict of interest, the interpreter must disclose and withdraw to preserve impartiality and confidentiality.

Question 73: Which of the following best describes 'role boundaries' in sign language interpreting ethics?

The geographic region where an interpreter is authorized to work
The physical distance maintained between the interpreter and consumers
The limits of the interpreter's professional responsibilities versus other roles (Correct answer)
The certified skill levels that determine assignment eligibility

Correct answer: The limits of the interpreter's professional responsibilities versus other roles

Role boundaries define what falls within the interpreter's professional function and distinguish it from other roles such as counselor, advocate, or friend.

Question 74: Deaf-Blind interpreting in a legal context most often involves:

A visual field interpreter positioned within the Deaf-Blind individual's limited vision
Using large-print written materials supplemented by some signing
Tactile ASL or pro-tactile communication delivered through touch (Correct answer)
Presenting all communication via a computer screen in large font

Correct answer: Tactile ASL or pro-tactile communication delivered through touch

Deaf-Blind individuals often use tactile ASL or pro-tactile methods where the interpreter places their hands under the Deaf-Blind person's hands to transmit signed communication through touch.

Question 75: Spatial grammar in ASL differs from English primarily because ASL:

Relies on a fixed SOV word order
Uses three-dimensional signing space to encode syntactic and semantic relationships (Correct answer)
Uses only temporal ordering to indicate relationships
Lacks pronoun reference systems

Correct answer: Uses three-dimensional signing space to encode syntactic and semantic relationships

ASL uses the three-dimensional signing space to establish referents, show agreement, and encode spatial and grammatical relationships simultaneously.

Question 76: Which constitutional amendment is most directly implicated when a Deaf defendant is denied a qualified interpreter in a criminal proceeding?

Fifth Amendment
First Amendment
Eighth Amendment
Sixth Amendment (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Sixth Amendment

The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to confront witnesses and receive effective assistance, which courts have extended to include qualified interpreter access.

Question 77: Which design principle is MOST critical for CASLI professionals to ensure long-term viability?

Balancing functionality, sustainability, scalability, and compliance requirements (Correct answer)
Creating the most complex solution possible
Using the most advanced technology available
Minimizing initial costs above all other factors

Correct answer: Balancing functionality, sustainability, scalability, and compliance requirements

Long-term viability requires balancing multiple design considerations: the solution must function as intended, be sustainable over its lifecycle, scale to accommodate future needs, and comply with relevant regulations and standards.

Question 78: A Deaf patient uses ASL signs unfamiliar to the interpreter during a psychiatric evaluation. What is the best course of action?

Inform the provider that clarification is needed and pause interpretation (Correct answer)
Stop and ask the patient to clarify their signs before proceeding
Continue interpreting using approximate equivalents without disclosure
Request a different interpreter who may know the signs

Correct answer: Inform the provider that clarification is needed and pause interpretation

The interpreter must transparently inform the provider when comprehension is impaired so clinical accuracy is preserved.

Question 79: Which ethical obligation is most relevant when an interpreter realizes mid-assignment that they lack sufficient expertise in the subject matter?

Ask audience members to help clarify terminology
Begin offering simplified interpretations without disclosing the issue
Inform the hiring agency or client and request a more qualified interpreter if possible (Correct answer)
Continue interpreting to avoid disrupting the event

Correct answer: Inform the hiring agency or client and request a more qualified interpreter if possible

NAD-RID Code of Professional Conduct requires interpreters to disclose limitations and advocate for a qualified replacement.

Question 80: In a team interpreting scenario, what is the primary role of the 'support' (non-active) interpreter?

Interpret for audience members who approach them
Take notes for a written summary
Monitor the active interpreter for errors and provide unobtrusive cues (Correct answer)
Rest completely until the next rotation

Correct answer: Monitor the active interpreter for errors and provide unobtrusive cues

The support interpreter monitors the work and feeds corrections or missed information unobtrusively to the active interpreter.

Question 81: What is the proper course of action when an CASLI professional witnesses unethical behavior by a colleague?

Report through established channels (Correct answer)
Post about it on social media
Ignore it to maintain relationships
Confront the colleague publicly

Correct answer: Report through established channels

Reporting unethical behavior through established channels ensures proper investigation while maintaining professional conduct.

Question 82: What role does peer review play in the CASLI design process?

It provides independent verification, catches errors, and enhances overall quality (Correct answer)
It is unnecessary for experienced professionals
It slows down the design process unnecessarily
It is only required for regulatory submissions

Correct answer: It provides independent verification, catches errors, and enhances overall quality

Peer review is a valuable quality control mechanism that provides independent verification of design work, catches errors that the original designer might overlook, and enhances overall quality through diverse perspectives and expertise.

Question 83: Which situation would most likely require an interpreter to lengthen their ear-voice span during a simultaneous task?

Interpreting a sentence with a verb-final structure that changes meaning at the end (Correct answer)
Interpreting a repetitive safety announcement
Interpreting a simple greeting
Interpreting a list of unrelated items

Correct answer: Interpreting a sentence with a verb-final structure that changes meaning at the end

Verb-final languages like ASL require interpreters to wait longer before committing to an English output because the predicate that completes the meaning comes at the end.

Question 84: Which prosodic feature in ASL most closely parallels intonation in spoken languages?

Handshape complexity
Fingerspelling speed
Non-manual signals including facial expression and head movement (Correct answer)
Dominant hand preference

Correct answer: Non-manual signals including facial expression and head movement

Non-manual signals such as eyebrow position, head tilt, and body shift serve prosodic functions in ASL analogous to intonation in spoken languages.

Question 85: An interpreter working in an IEP meeting feels the school staff are making an uninformed decision about a Deaf student. What is appropriate?

Summarize concerns to the parents after the meeting
Ask permission to add a comment before interpreting further
Interpret all communication accurately and allow the process to proceed (Correct answer)
Advocate for the student by presenting their professional opinion

Correct answer: Interpret all communication accurately and allow the process to proceed

Interpreters facilitate communication but do not assume an advocacy role that belongs to the parties themselves.

Question 86: During a legal deposition, a Deaf witness uses an ASL construction that conveys uncertainty through specific grammatical marking. The interpreter must:

Translate it as a definitive statement to avoid confusing the court
Render the uncertainty with equivalent hedging language in English (Correct answer)
Note the uncertainty in writing but interpret it as a statement
Ask the witness to clarify before interpreting

Correct answer: Render the uncertainty with equivalent hedging language in English

Faithfully rendering grammatical markers of certainty or uncertainty is critical, especially in legal contexts where precision affects testimony.

Question 87: During a trial, an interpreter becomes aware that the Deaf defendant may be planning to flee the jurisdiction. According to the NAD-RID CPC, the interpreter should:

Maintain confidentiality as required by the code (Correct answer)
Warn the court immediately to prevent harm
Notify the defendant's attorney confidentially
Refuse to continue interpreting and withdraw

Correct answer: Maintain confidentiality as required by the code

The NAD-RID CPC requires confidentiality and does not include a mandatory disclosure exception for flight risk; the interpreter should continue interpreting.

Question 88: What role does peer review play in the CASLI design process?

It provides independent verification, catches errors, and enhances overall quality (Correct answer)
It slows down the design process unnecessarily
It is only required for regulatory submissions
It is unnecessary for experienced professionals

Correct answer: It provides independent verification, catches errors, and enhances overall quality

Question 89: How should a CASLI professional manager address underperformance within their team?

Publicly address the issue in team meetings
Provide timely, specific feedback with support and a clear improvement plan (Correct answer)
Ignore it until formal review periods
Immediately reassign the individual to a different role

Correct answer: Provide timely, specific feedback with support and a clear improvement plan

Addressing underperformance requires timely intervention with specific, objective feedback about the performance gap. Providing support resources and a clear improvement plan with defined expectations and timelines gives the individual a fair opportunity to improve.

Question 90: An interpreter is offered a significant gift by a grateful Deaf consumer after a difficult interpreting assignment. What is the most appropriate response?

Decline the gift and explain that accepting could compromise professional boundaries (Correct answer)
Accept it graciously since refusing would be culturally insensitive
Report the offer to their agency before making a decision
Accept only if the value is below a self-determined threshold

Correct answer: Decline the gift and explain that accepting could compromise professional boundaries

Accepting gifts from consumers can compromise professional boundaries and the appearance of impartiality, so they should generally be declined.

Question 91: In the context of CASLI ethics, what does 'professional deportment' refer to?

Conduct and demeanor that reflect positively on the profession (Correct answer)
The process of revoking certification for misconduct
The geographic mobility required of certified interpreters
The formal dress code required at all interpreting assignments

Correct answer: Conduct and demeanor that reflect positively on the profession

Professional deportment refers to the conduct, demeanor, and behavior that uphold the dignity and reputation of the interpreting profession.

Question 92: Which of the following is an example of 'omission' in a consecutive interpretation rather than 'condensation'?

Reducing three examples to one representative example when the point is clear
Paraphrasing a qualifier phrase into a single adjective without loss of meaning
Dropping an entire subordinate clause that contained a conditional that changed the meaning (Correct answer)
Using a single ASL sign to replace a multi-word English phrase with the same meaning

Correct answer: Dropping an entire subordinate clause that contained a conditional that changed the meaning

Omission involves dropping information that alters the message's meaning, whereas condensation reduces form while preserving meaning.

Question 93: Which behavior best demonstrates an interpreter's commitment to ongoing professional development as an ethical obligation?

Working exclusively in one specialized setting to maintain familiarity
Upgrading equipment and technology used during remote assignments
Attending CEUs, workshops, and seeking mentorship to improve skills (Correct answer)
Relying on consumer feedback alone to identify areas for improvement

Correct answer: Attending CEUs, workshops, and seeking mentorship to improve skills

Pursuing continuing education and professional development is an ethical obligation that ensures interpreters maintain and improve their competency.

Question 94: A sign language interpreter working with a CDI team during a criminal trial hands off to the CDI after signing. In this relay model, the hearing interpreter's primary role is to:

Supervise the CDI's work and correct any signing errors observed
Take primary responsibility for voicing the Deaf individual's signed testimony
Interpret directly to the Deaf individual and use the CDI only for cultural guidance
Interpret between spoken English and the CDI, who then communicates with the Deaf individual (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Interpret between spoken English and the CDI, who then communicates with the Deaf individual

In a CDI relay team, the hearing interpreter bridges spoken English to the CDI, who then uses their native language expertise to communicate with the Deaf individual.

Question 95: An interpreter interprets a statement they believe to be factually incorrect. What is the most ethical course of action?

Alert the listener privately that the speaker may be mistaken
Correct the error before relaying the statement to avoid misinforming the other party
Interpret the statement accurately and completely as spoken (Correct answer)
Add a brief disclaimer after the interpretation indicating the information may be wrong

Correct answer: Interpret the statement accurately and completely as spoken

The interpreter's role is to convey messages faithfully; evaluating or correcting the factual accuracy of content falls outside their professional role.

Question 96: A hearing student in class repeatedly directs questions to the interpreter instead of the Deaf student. The best interpreter response is to:

Ignore the hearing student and continue interpreting the lesson
Ask the teacher to address the class about proper communication etiquette
Gesture toward the Deaf student and interpret any response the Deaf student wishes to give (Correct answer)
Answer the hearing student's questions directly to model inclusivity

Correct answer: Gesture toward the Deaf student and interpret any response the Deaf student wishes to give

Redirecting communication toward the Deaf student reinforces that the Deaf student is a full participant, and the interpreter is not a spokesperson.

Question 97: Which of the following describes 'transliteration' as distinct from 'interpretation' in a Deaf context?

Transliteration is used only in legal settings, while interpretation is used in all other contexts
Transliteration renders one language into another, while interpretation refers specifically to ASL-to-English conversion
Transliteration follows the grammatical structure of the source language (e.g., English), while interpretation involves meaning-based conversion between two distinct languages (Correct answer)
Transliteration converts written text to ASL, while interpretation converts spoken English to ASL

Correct answer: Transliteration follows the grammatical structure of the source language (e.g., English), while interpretation involves meaning-based conversion between two distinct languages

Transliteration involves rendering a message into a visual form that follows the source language's grammar (e.g., Signed Exact English), while interpretation involves conveying meaning between two distinct languages like ASL and English.

Question 98: During an interpreted job interview, the interviewer makes a discriminatory comment about Deaf people. What should the interpreter do?

Interrupt and correct the interviewer's misconception
Omit the comment to protect the Deaf candidate
Pause the session and report the comment to HR immediately
Interpret the comment accurately and completely (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Interpret the comment accurately and completely

The interpreter's role is to convey all messages faithfully; omitting or altering content violates fidelity even when the content is offensive.

Question 99: What distinguishes a Center for the Assessment of Sign Language Interpretation certified professional from a non-certified practitioner?

There is no meaningful difference in competency
Certification validates competency through standardized assessment against established benchmarks (Correct answer)
Certified professionals always have more years of experience
Certified professionals exclusively work in larger organizations

Correct answer: Certification validates competency through standardized assessment against established benchmarks

Certification provides objective validation of competency through standardized assessment. While non-certified practitioners may be skilled, certification offers verified evidence that a professional meets established benchmarks for knowledge and performance.

Question 100: According to best practice, what should occur immediately after a team interpreting assignment concludes?

The lead interpreter files a formal report with the booking agency
The team conducts a debriefing to discuss what went well and identify areas for improvement (Correct answer)
Each interpreter submits a separate invoice immediately while details are fresh
Both interpreters jointly review the Deaf consumer's satisfaction rating

Correct answer: The team conducts a debriefing to discuss what went well and identify areas for improvement

A post-assignment debriefing allows team interpreters to reflect collaboratively on successes and growth areas, strengthening future teamwork and professional development.

Question 101: A Deaf consumer requests that the interpreter also serve as their advocate during a legal proceeding. What should the interpreter do?

Advocate as requested since the Deaf consumer has the right to make that choice
Decline and explain that advocacy falls outside the interpreter's professional role (Correct answer)
Advocate only if no other support person is available
Consult the attorney before deciding whether to advocate

Correct answer: Decline and explain that advocacy falls outside the interpreter's professional role

Interpreters must maintain role boundaries; advocacy is a separate professional role that conflicts with impartiality required during interpreting.

Question 102: When planning a project in Center for the Assessment of Sign Language Interpretation, which element should be established FIRST?

The project timeline
The budget allocation
Clear objectives, scope, and success criteria (Correct answer)
The team member assignments

Correct answer: Clear objectives, scope, and success criteria

Clear objectives, scope, and success criteria must be established first because they form the foundation for all other planning decisions. Without knowing what success looks like, it is impossible to properly allocate budget, assign personnel, or set timelines.

CASLI Generalist Certification Exam

The CASLI Generalist Certification Exam assesses the foundational knowledge and skills required for entry-level sign language interpreters.

100

Questions

120 min

Time Limit

70%

To Pass

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