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Hemodynamic Monitoring & Assessment Flashcards

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  1. Cardiac index is calculated by dividing cardiac output by:

    Answer: Body surface area

    Cardiac index normalizes cardiac output to body surface area (L/min/m²), allowing comparison across patients of different sizes.

  2. Which condition is most likely when pulmonary artery diastolic pressure significantly exceeds PCWP?

    Answer: Pulmonary hypertension

    Elevated pulmonary artery diastolic–PCWP gradient (>5 mmHg) indicates increased pulmonary vascular resistance, as seen in pulmonary hypertension.

  3. Mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO₂) measured via pulmonary artery catheter normally ranges from:

    Answer: 60–75%

    Normal SvO₂ is 60–75%, reflecting the oxygen remaining in venous blood after tissue extraction; values below 60% suggest increased oxygen extraction or reduced delivery.

  4. A patient has CO 2.5 L/min, HR 110 bpm. What is the stroke volume?

    Answer: 23 mL

    Stroke volume = CO / HR = 2500 mL/min ÷ 110 bpm ≈ 23 mL, which is severely reduced (normal ~70 mL).

  5. Which non-invasive technique uses changes in thoracic electrical impedance to estimate cardiac output?

    Answer: Impedance cardiography

    Impedance cardiography (bioimpedance) measures changes in thoracic electrical resistance caused by aortic blood flow to non-invasively estimate cardiac output.

  6. Afterload is best represented clinically by:

    Answer: Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

    Afterload is the resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood; clinically it is best represented by systemic vascular resistance.

  7. Elevated PCWP with normal CO and normal SVR is most consistent with:

    Answer: Diastolic dysfunction / isolated LV filling abnormality

    High PCWP with preserved cardiac output and normal SVR suggests diastolic dysfunction, where the stiff ventricle requires higher filling pressures to maintain output.