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Engineering Statistics and Data-Driven Decision Making Flashcards

7 cards from real BSE practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.

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  1. A manager must choose between two suppliers based on lead time data. Supplier A has a mean of 5 days (σ=0.5), Supplier B has a mean of 5 days (σ=2). Which statistical measure best differentiates them?

    Answer: Standard deviation

    Since both suppliers have the same mean, standard deviation is the appropriate measure to compare the variability (consistency) of their lead times.

  2. In Design of Experiments (DOE), a 'blocking' factor is used to:

    Answer: Reduce variability by grouping experimental units with similar characteristics

    Blocking groups experimental units that are similar to reduce nuisance variability, allowing the treatment effects to be estimated more precisely.

  3. The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) states that as sample size increases, the sampling distribution of the sample mean:

    Answer: Approaches a normal distribution regardless of population shape

    The CLT guarantees that the distribution of sample means approaches normality as n increases, regardless of the underlying population distribution.

  4. Which regression diagnostic is used to detect heteroscedasticity (non-constant variance) in residuals?

    Answer: Residuals vs. fitted values plot

    A plot of residuals versus fitted values reveals heteroscedasticity if the spread of residuals changes systematically across the range of fitted values.

  5. An engineering team runs an ANOVA and obtains a significant F-statistic. What does this tell the team?

    Answer: At least one group mean differs significantly from the others

    A significant F-test in ANOVA indicates that at least one group mean is different, but does not specify which pair(s) differ — post-hoc tests are needed for that.

  6. In the context of acceptance sampling, an Operating Characteristic (OC) curve shows:

    Answer: The probability of lot acceptance as a function of the actual lot defect proportion

    An OC curve plots the probability of accepting a lot (Y-axis) against the lot's actual fraction defective (X-axis), characterizing the discrimination power of the sampling plan.

  7. A Pearson correlation coefficient of r = -0.92 between two engineering variables indicates:

    Answer: A strong negative linear relationship

    A correlation coefficient of -0.92 is close to -1, indicating a strong negative linear relationship where one variable increases as the other decreases.