Cellular Processes and Organelles Flashcards
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Read the first 7 Cellular Processes and Organelles flashcards as text
Which cellular process produces lactic acid in muscle cells under low-oxygen conditions?
Answer: Lactic acid fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation regenerates NAD⁺ from NADH so glycolysis can continue producing ATP when oxygen is scarce.
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
Answer: Eukaryotic organelles like mitochondria evolved from ancient prokaryotes engulfed by larger cells
The endosymbiotic theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as free-living bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.
Which molecule acts as the electron carrier between the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain?
Answer: NADH
NADH carries high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain, where they drive ATP synthesis.
What type of cellular transport involves the cell engulfing large particles by wrapping its membrane around them?
Answer: Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis is a form of endocytosis where the cell membrane engulfs large solid particles like bacteria or debris.
Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?
Answer: S phase
DNA replication occurs during the S (synthesis) phase of interphase, producing two identical copies of the genome.
What is the primary pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy?
Answer: Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment that absorbs red and blue light while reflecting green light.
Which cellular process is responsible for the secretion of insulin from pancreatic cells?
Answer: Exocytosis
Exocytosis is the process by which vesicles fuse with the cell membrane to release their contents outside the cell.