Bcom Bachelor of Commerce Study Guide 2026

Systematic sampling selects elements at regular intervals (every kth item) from an ordered list, providing a simple way to draw a representative sample.

The IQR measures statistical dispersion as the range of the middle 50% of data (Q3 − Q1), making it resistant to outliers.

Contribution margin equals sales revenue minus all variable costs and shows how much revenue contributes toward covering fixed costs and profit.

Incentives provided by the seller to encourage sales are typically part of short-term sales promotion strategies. These incentives, such as discounts, coupons, or contests, are designed to stimulate immediate purchases and boost sales within a limited timeframe. They aim to provide a quick uplift in demand rather than fostering long-term behavioral changes.

In a members' voluntary winding up, the decision to liquidate the company is initiated by the shareholders themselves. Therefore, it is the company, acting through its members assembled in a general meeting, that passes the special resolution to commence winding up and subsequently appoints the liquidator. The liquidator then manages the orderly dissolution of the company's affairs.

Working capital = Current assets − Current liabilities, and it measures a firm's short-term liquidity and operational efficiency.