BCIA Neurofeedback & EEG 1 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which EEG frequency band is associated with relaxed, awake states and is often targeted for amplitude increase in neurofeedback?
- Delta (0.5–4 Hz)
- Theta (4–8 Hz)
- Alpha (8–12 Hz) (Correct answer)
- Beta (13–30 Hz)
Correct answer: Alpha (8–12 Hz)
Alpha waves predominate during relaxed wakefulness with eyes closed, and increasing alpha amplitude is a common neurofeedback protocol for stress and anxiety.
Question 2: Sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) is typically found in which frequency range?
- 4–8 Hz
- 8–12 Hz
- 12–15 Hz (Correct answer)
- 20–30 Hz
Correct answer: 12–15 Hz
SMR is a 12–15 Hz rhythm recorded over the sensorimotor cortex that is associated with motor inhibition and calm, focused states.
Question 3: In the International 10-20 system, the electrode labeled 'Cz' is located at which position?
- Left central area
- Right central area
- Vertex (midline central) (Correct answer)
- Midline frontal
Correct answer: Vertex (midline central)
Cz is positioned at the vertex, the midpoint of the scalp along both the anterior-posterior and left-right axes.
Question 4: Which neurofeedback protocol is most commonly associated with ADHD treatment?
- Alpha/theta training
- Theta suppression + beta enhancement (Correct answer)
- Delta suppression
- Gamma enhancement
Correct answer: Theta suppression + beta enhancement
ADHD neurofeedback typically involves suppressing excess theta (slow waves) while rewarding faster beta activity to promote focused alertness.
Question 5: What is the purpose of an artifact rejection threshold in neurofeedback software?
- To filter out high-frequency noise
- To exclude signal segments contaminated by movement or eye blinks (Correct answer)
- To set the reward threshold for client feedback
- To limit the gain of the amplifier
Correct answer: To exclude signal segments contaminated by movement or eye blinks
Artifact rejection identifies and discards epochs where signals exceed a voltage threshold, preventing movement or blink artifacts from falsely triggering feedback.
Question 6: Alpha/theta training is most frequently used as a neurofeedback protocol for which condition?
- ADHD
- Epilepsy
- Substance use disorders and PTSD (Correct answer)
- Chronic pain
Correct answer: Substance use disorders and PTSD
Alpha/theta training, pioneered by Peniston and Kulkosky, is a deep-states protocol applied most widely to substance use disorders and PTSD.
BCIA Neurofeedback & EEG 1
Which EEG frequency band is associated with relaxed, awake states and is often targeted for amplitude increase in neurofeedback?