BCA Fluid Management & Blood Transfusion

Question 1

Which crystalloid solution most closely resembles plasma electrolyte composition and is considered a balanced isotonic solution?

Accepted Answer

Lactated Ringer's solution

Answer

0.9% Normal Saline

Answer

5% Dextrose in Water (D5W)

Answer

3% Hypertonic Saline

Question 2

When comparing crystalloids to colloids for volume resuscitation, which statement best describes their volume distribution?

Accepted Answer

Crystalloids distribute throughout extracellular fluid requiring a 3:1 replacement ratio; colloids remain primarily intravascular

Answer

Crystalloids distribute only intravascularly; colloids distribute throughout total body water

Answer

Both crystalloids and colloids distribute equally throughout total body water

Answer

Crystalloids distribute intracellularly while colloids distribute only extracellularly

Question 3

According to current restrictive transfusion guidelines, what is the hemoglobin trigger for red blood cell transfusion in a stable, non-cardiac patient?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin < 7 g/dL

Answer

Hemoglobin < 10 g/dL

Answer

Hemoglobin < 8 g/dL

Answer

Hemoglobin < 6 g/dL

Question 4

Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) is most commonly caused by which mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Donor antibodies against recipient HLA or neutrophil antigens causing neutrophil activation in the lungs

Answer

ABO blood group incompatibility

Answer

Bacterial contamination of the blood product

Answer

Hyperkalemia from stored packed red blood cells

Question 5

Which colloid solution has been associated with increased renal dysfunction and mortality in critically ill septic patients, leading to restricted use in the ICU?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyethyl starch (HES)

Answer

Albumin 5%

Answer

Gelatin-based solutions

Answer

Dextran 40

Question 6

Using the Holliday-Segar 4-2-1 rule, what is the maintenance fluid rate for a 25 kg child?

Accepted Answer

65 mL/hr

Answer

45 mL/hr

Answer

55 mL/hr

Answer

75 mL/hr

Question 7

Which blood product contains the highest concentration of fibrinogen, factor VIII, factor XIII, and von Willebrand factor per unit volume?

Accepted Answer

Cryoprecipitate

Answer

Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)

Answer

Packed Red Blood Cells (pRBC)

Answer

Platelet concentrate