BAPSY Dynamics of Human Development and Behavior 4 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: A researcher studying how cognitive abilities change from age 20 to age 80 by testing the same individuals repeatedly over 60 years is conducting which type of study?
- Cross-sectional study
- Case study
- Longitudinal study (Correct answer)
- Sequential cohort study
Correct answer: Longitudinal study
A longitudinal study follows the same participants over an extended time period to examine developmental change within individuals.
Question 2: According to Baltes's lifespan developmental theory, which principle states that developmental gains always involve trade-offs with losses?
- Plasticity
- Contextualism
- Gain/loss dynamic
- Multidirectionality (Correct answer)
Correct answer: Multidirectionality
Multidirectionality refers to the fact that development involves simultaneous gains in some areas and losses in others throughout the lifespan.
Question 3: Which theory of aging proposes that older adults who remain active and engaged maintain higher levels of satisfaction and adjustment?
- Disengagement theory
- Socioemotional selectivity theory
- Activity theory (Correct answer)
- Continuity theory
Correct answer: Activity theory
Activity theory posits that older adults experience greater life satisfaction when they maintain active involvement in roles and relationships.
Question 4: In the context of moral development, Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory primarily because it:
- Ignored cognitive development
- Was based on male samples and overemphasized justice over care (Correct answer)
- Did not account for cultural variation
- Placed too much emphasis on empathy
Correct answer: Was based on male samples and overemphasized justice over care
Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's model was androcentric, developed from male responses, and neglected the 'ethic of care' more characteristic of female moral reasoning.
Question 5: A child who uses the word 'dog' to refer to all four-legged animals is demonstrating which language development error?
- Underextension
- Overregularization
- Overextension (Correct answer)
- Fast mapping
Correct answer: Overextension
Overextension occurs when a child applies a word too broadly, using 'dog' for cats, horses, and other animals beyond its conventional meaning.
Question 6: Which researcher is most associated with studying the effects of harsh vs. nurturant parenting styles and identified authoritative parenting as most beneficial for child outcomes?
- Diana Baumrind (Correct answer)
- Mary Ainsworth
- John Bowlby
- Lev Vygotsky
Correct answer: Diana Baumrind
Diana Baumrind identified three parenting styles—authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive—and found authoritative parenting associated with the best child outcomes.
Question 7: When a child understands that other people have thoughts, beliefs, and desires different from their own, they have developed:
- Metacognition
- Theory of mind (Correct answer)
- Self-concept
- Perspective-taking bias
Correct answer: Theory of mind
Theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states to others, recognizing that they can hold beliefs and intentions different from one's own.
BAPSY Dynamics of Human Development and Behavior 4
A researcher studying how cognitive abilities change from age 20 to age 80 by testing the same individuals repeatedly over 60 years is conducting which type of study?