Social Sciences Foundation Flashcards

Which discipline studies human societies, cultures, and their development over time?

Answer: Sociology

Sociology is the social science that examines the structure, development, and functioning of human societies and social behavior.

What is 'participant observation' as a research method in social sciences?

Answer: A researcher actively engages within a community while systematically observing it

Participant observation is a qualitative research method in which the researcher immerses themselves in a social group to study it from the inside.

In economics, what does 'opportunity cost' mean?

Answer: The value of the next best alternative foregone when making a choice

Opportunity cost represents what you give up by choosing one option over another; it is a foundational concept in economic decision-making.

Which political science concept describes the exclusive right of a state to govern a territory?

Answer: Sovereignty

Sovereignty is the principle that a state holds supreme, independent authority over its territory and people, recognized under international law.

What is the 'socialization' process in social sciences?

Answer: The lifelong process by which individuals learn cultural norms, values, and behaviors

Socialization is the process through which individuals internalize the norms, values, language, and behaviors of their culture, beginning at birth.

In psychology, what does 'cognitive dissonance' describe?

Answer: Mental discomfort from holding two conflicting beliefs simultaneously

Cognitive dissonance, coined by Leon Festinger, describes the psychological tension that arises when a person holds contradictory beliefs or when behavior conflicts with beliefs.