B.S.W.E. Bachelor of Software Engineering Programming Languages & Paradigms 2

Question 1

What is polymorphism in object-oriented programming?

Accepted Answer

The ability of different objects to respond to the same interface in different ways

Answer

The ability to inherit from multiple parent classes simultaneously

Answer

Hiding implementation details inside a class using access modifiers

Answer

Converting one primitive data type into another automatically

Question 2

What is tail call optimization (TCO)?

Accepted Answer

An optimization that reuses the current stack frame for a call in tail position

Answer

Caching the return values of frequently called functions

Answer

Automatically converting recursive functions into iterative loops

Answer

Inlining all small functions at compile time to reduce call overhead

Question 3

Which language feature allows algorithms and data structures to be written in a type-independent manner?

Accepted Answer

Generics (parametric polymorphism)

Answer

Inheritance hierarchies

Answer

Encapsulation via access modifiers

Answer

Abstract base classes

Question 4

What is a higher-order function?

Accepted Answer

A function that takes other functions as arguments or returns a function as a result

Answer

A function defined in a parent class and overridden in a subclass

Answer

A function with more than four parameters

Answer

A function that executes concurrently on separate threads

Question 5

What is the key distinction between pass-by-value and pass-by-reference parameter passing?

Accepted Answer

Pass-by-value passes a copy of the data; pass-by-reference passes the memory address of the data

Answer

Pass-by-value copies the memory address; pass-by-reference copies the actual value

Answer

Pass-by-value is used for objects; pass-by-reference is used for primitives

Answer

They are semantically identical but differ only in syntax across languages

Question 6

In logic programming languages such as Prolog, what is the primary computational mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Unification and backtracking over logical facts and rules

Answer

Iteration through imperative loops

Answer

Execution of sequential mathematical expressions

Answer

Message passing between concurrent objects

Question 7

What is 'duck typing' as used in dynamically typed languages?

Accepted Answer

An approach where an object's suitability is determined by its methods and properties rather than its declared type

Answer

A type system where compatibility is determined strictly by class inheritance

Answer

A compile-time type inference system used in functional languages

Answer

A runtime error triggered when incompatible types are combined