B.Pharm. Bachelor of Pharmacy Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm.) Human Anatomy & Physiology 3 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which bone markings serve as the attachment sites for the quadriceps femoris tendon?
- Medial epicondyle of femur
- Tibial tuberosity (Correct answer)
- Fibular head
- Lateral malleolus
Correct answer: Tibial tuberosity
The quadriceps tendon inserts at the tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament, enabling knee extension.
Question 2: In the liver, Kupffer cells primarily function as:
- Bile-producing hepatocytes
- Resident macrophages that phagocytose pathogens and old RBCs (Correct answer)
- Stellate cells storing vitamin A
- Cells lining bile canaliculi
Correct answer: Resident macrophages that phagocytose pathogens and old RBCs
Kupffer cells are liver-resident macrophages located in sinusoids that remove bacteria, debris, and senescent erythrocytes.
Question 3: The anatomical dead space in the respiratory system refers to:
- Alveoli that are perfused but not ventilated
- Air in conducting airways that does not participate in gas exchange (Correct answer)
- Total lung capacity minus tidal volume
- Reserve volume remaining after forced expiration
Correct answer: Air in conducting airways that does not participate in gas exchange
Anatomical dead space (~150 mL) includes the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles where no gas exchange occurs.
Question 4: Which blood vessel directly supplies oxygenated blood to the myocardium?
- Pulmonary artery
- Coronary arteries (Correct answer)
- Thoracic aorta
- Internal mammary artery
Correct answer: Coronary arteries
The left and right coronary arteries arise from the aortic root and supply oxygenated blood to all heart muscle.
Question 5: The hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates red blood cell production, is primarily secreted by the:
- Bone marrow
- Liver
- Kidneys (peritubular interstitial cells) (Correct answer)
- Spleen
Correct answer: Kidneys (peritubular interstitial cells)
Peritubular interstitial cells of the kidney secrete EPO in response to hypoxia, stimulating erythropoiesis.
Question 6: Peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract is primarily controlled by:
- Somatic motor neurons
- The enteric nervous system (myenteric plexus) (Correct answer)
- Voluntary skeletal muscle contractions
- Circulating epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
Correct answer: The enteric nervous system (myenteric plexus)
The myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus coordinates peristaltic contractions through local reflex arcs.
Question 7: When blood pH drops below 7.35, chemoreceptors respond by:
- Decreasing respiratory rate to retain CO2
- Increasing respiratory rate and depth to expel CO2 (Correct answer)
- Stimulating aldosterone secretion to retain bicarbonate
- Reducing heart rate to lower metabolic CO2 production
Correct answer: Increasing respiratory rate and depth to expel CO2
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors detect acidosis and stimulate hyperventilation to lower PCO2, raising blood pH.
B.Pharm. Bachelor of Pharmacy Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm.) Human Anatomy & Physiology 3
Which bone markings serve as the attachment sites for the quadriceps femoris tendon?