Mixed Deck — All B.Pharm. Bachelor of Pharmacy Topics Flashcards

The Orange Book published by the FDA is used to identify:

Answer: Therapeutic equivalence of approved drug products

The FDA's Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) identifies drug products approved on safety and effectiveness and their therapeutic equivalence ratings.

Typically, ampoules contain

Answer: Single dose parentral product

Ampoules are small, hermetically sealed glass containers designed to hold a single dose of a sterile liquid medication. They are primarily used for parenteral administration, such as injections, where sterility and precise dosing are critical. Once opened, the entire contents are typically used immediately to prevent contamination and ensure the full dose is administered.

Which enzyme catalyzes the first committed step of glycolysis?

Answer: Phosphofructokinase-1

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and is the key regulatory, committed step of glycolysis.

An example of the shoulder joint is:

Answer: Ball and socket joint

The shoulder joint, specifically the glenohumeral joint, is a classic example of a ball and socket joint. This type of synovial joint allows for the greatest range of motion, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation. This extensive mobility is due to the spherical head of the humerus fitting into the cup-like glenoid cavity of the scapula.

The brand name for the hypnotic drug Mogadone is -

Answer: Nitrazepam

Mogadone is a well-known brand name for the hypnotic drug nitrazepam. Nitrazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative primarily used for its sedative, anxiolytic, and hypnotic properties, making it effective in treating insomnia.

Caffeine Is A-

Answer: 1,3,7-trimethyl xanthene

Caffeine is a natural stimulant belonging to the methylxanthine class of compounds. Its precise chemical structure is 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, indicating the presence of three methyl groups attached to the xanthine ring system. This structure is responsible for its pharmacological effects, including alertness and increased energy.

Competitive antagonists differ from non-competitive antagonists in that they:

Answer: Can be overcome by increasing agonist concentration

Competitive antagonists bind reversibly at the same site as the agonist; their effect can be surmounted by increasing agonist concentration, shifting the dose-response curve rightward without reducing Emax.

Biologicals are examined at:

Answer: Kasauli

The Central Drugs Laboratory (CDL) at Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh, is the designated national laboratory in India for the testing and quality control of biological products. This includes vaccines, antitoxins, and sera, which are critical for public health. Its specialized facilities and expertise ensure the safety, potency, and efficacy of these complex pharmaceutical preparations.

There are parotid glands in the

Answer: mouth

The parotid glands are the largest of the major salivary glands, located on either side of the face, just in front of and below the ears. They secrete saliva into the mouth through Stensen's duct. Their primary function is to produce serous saliva, which aids in digestion and lubrication within the oral cavity.

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining oncotic pressure and preventing edema?

Answer: Albumin

Albumin, the most abundant plasma protein, exerts the greatest oncotic pressure, retaining fluid in the vascular compartment.

What structural modification converts morphine into heroin (diacetylmorphine)?

Answer: Acetylation of both hydroxyl groups

Heroin is formed by acetylating both the 3-OH and 6-OH groups of morphine, increasing lipophilicity and CNS penetration.

During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, rising estrogen levels primarily stimulate:

Answer: LH surge triggering ovulation

A sustained rise in estrogen triggers a positive feedback LH surge that induces ovulation around day 14.

Under federal law, a pharmacist may dispense a Schedule II controlled substance without a prescription in which situation?

Answer: In a bona fide emergency requiring immediate administration

Federal law permits emergency dispensing of Schedule II drugs without a written prescription in a genuine emergency, provided a written prescription is obtained within 7 days.

For separating, fractional distillation is used.

Answer: miscible liquids

Fractional distillation is a separation technique used to separate components of a liquid mixture that have different boiling points. It is particularly effective for separating miscible liquids, which are liquids that dissolve completely in each other, especially when their boiling points are relatively close. The process involves repeated vaporization and condensation cycles within a fractionating column to achieve better separation.

Which of the following is an example of a prodrug that requires hepatic activation?

Answer: Codeine

Codeine is a prodrug converted by CYP2D6 in the liver to morphine, which is the pharmacologically active metabolite responsible for analgesia.

Which sterilization method is most suitable for heat-labile pharmaceutical solutions?

Answer: Filtration through 0.22 μm membrane

Membrane filtration through 0.22 μm filters removes microorganisms from heat-sensitive solutions without exposing them to high temperatures.

Which stereochemical descriptor system is used to assign absolute configuration to chiral centers in drug molecules?

Answer: R/S (Cahn-Ingold-Prelog) system

The R/S system (Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules) assigns absolute configuration based on priority of substituents around a chiral center.

Renal clearance of a drug can be calculated using the formula:

Answer: Renal clearance = (Urine drug concentration × Urine flow rate) / Plasma drug concentration

Renal clearance is determined by multiplying urine drug concentration by urine flow rate (giving excretion rate) and dividing by plasma drug concentration, reflecting glomerular filtration, secretion, and reabsorption.

Uses for naphazoline include:

Answer: Nasal congestion

Naphazoline is an alpha-adrenergic agonist that acts as a potent vasoconstrictor. When applied topically, it constricts blood vessels in the nasal passages, reducing swelling and congestion. This makes it an effective medication for providing temporary relief from nasal congestion associated with colds, allergies, and hay fever.

Glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver primarily by activating which cascade?

Answer: Adenylyl cyclase → cAMP → PKA → phosphorylase kinase → glycogen phosphorylase

Glucagon binds its GPCR, activating adenylyl cyclase to raise cAMP, which activates PKA; PKA phosphorylates and activates glycogen phosphorylase via phosphorylase kinase.