Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm.) Pharmaceutics Flashcards

The equivalent of one apothecary pound is

Answer: 7000 grains

While an apothecary pound is traditionally equivalent to 5760 grains, the Avoirdupois pound, which is a more commonly used unit of weight in general commerce, is equivalent to 7000 grains. Given that 7000 grains is the provided correct answer, it implies the question refers to the Avoirdupois pound or a general 'pound' measurement, rather than strictly the apothecary pound. This distinction is important in different measurement systems.

Typically, ampoules contain

Answer: Single dose parentral product

Ampoules are small, hermetically sealed glass containers designed to hold a single dose of a sterile liquid medication. They are primarily used for parenteral administration, such as injections, where sterility and precise dosing are critical. Once opened, the entire contents are typically used immediately to prevent contamination and ensure the full dose is administered.

Plastic has plasticizers added to it to offer

Answer: Flexibility

Plasticizers are additives incorporated into plastic materials to enhance their flexibility, workability, and extensibility. They function by reducing the intermolecular forces between polymer chains, which makes the plastic softer and less brittle. This property is essential for pharmaceutical packaging, allowing plastics to be easily molded into various shapes and to withstand handling without cracking.

What type of mill is used to reduce the size of fibrous material?

Answer: cutter milll

Cutter mills are specifically designed for the size reduction of tough, elastic, and fibrous materials. They operate by a shearing or cutting action, where rotating blades cut the material against stationary blades. This mechanism is highly effective for processing materials like crude drugs, leaves, and roots, which would otherwise deform or clog other types of mills.

Ball mill operates on the idea that

Answer: Attrition and impact

A ball mill operates on the principle of both impact and attrition for particle size reduction. As the mill rotates, the grinding media (balls) are lifted and then fall, causing impact on the material. Simultaneously, the tumbling and rolling action of the balls against each other and the mill walls create shearing forces, leading to attrition. Both mechanisms are crucial for efficient comminution.

Micrometrics focuses on the analysis of

Answer: small particles

Micromeritics is the science and technology dedicated to the study of small particles. It focuses on characterizing the fundamental and derived properties of individual particles and particle populations, such as particle size, shape, surface area, and porosity. This field is vital in pharmacy for understanding how these properties influence drug dissolution, bioavailability, and the manufacturing processes of powders and granules.

Which filter is employed in the filtration of bacteria?

Answer: Membrane filter

Membrane filters are widely used for sterilizing liquids by effectively removing bacteria and other microorganisms. They possess precisely controlled pore sizes, typically 0.22 micrometers or smaller, which physically block the passage of bacteria while allowing the liquid to pass through. Other filter types like sintered glass filters or filter paper generally have larger pores and are not suitable for bacterial filtration.

Menstrual fluid is kept in touch with raw medication during the extraction process, which is known as

Answer: maceration

Maceration is an extraction process where a coarsely powdered crude drug is soaked in a suitable solvent, known as the menstruum, in a closed container for a specified period. This allows the soluble constituents of the drug to dissolve into the menstruum. The term 'menstrual fluid' in the question is likely a typo and should refer to the menstruum, which is the solvent used for extraction.

The percolation method is used to create belladonne tincture because of its

Answer: therapeutic value of drug

The percolation method is an efficient and exhaustive extraction technique, particularly well-suited for potent drugs like belladonna. This method ensures maximum recovery of the active therapeutic constituents, such as alkaloids, which is crucial for consistent therapeutic efficacy and accurate dosing. Using percolation helps in achieving a standardized and effective tincture from such valuable crude drugs.

The tincture's drug to menstrual fluid ratio is

Answer: 1 : 4

The drug to menstruum ratio for tinctures can vary based on specific pharmacopoeial standards or formulations. However, a common and effective ratio for many tinctures, especially those prepared from potent drugs, is 1 part crude drug to 4 parts menstruum (1:4). This ratio ensures adequate extraction of active principles while maintaining a suitable concentration for therapeutic use.

For separating, fractional distillation is used.

Answer: miscible liquids

Fractional distillation is a separation technique used to separate components of a liquid mixture that have different boiling points. It is particularly effective for separating miscible liquids, which are liquids that dissolve completely in each other, especially when their boiling points are relatively close. The process involves repeated vaporization and condensation cycles within a fractionating column to achieve better separation.

Which dryer uses a very low temperature for drying?

Answer: Sublimation dryer

A sublimation dryer, also known as a freeze dryer or lyophilizer, operates at very low temperatures and reduced pressure. It works by freezing the material and then subliming the ice directly into water vapor, bypassing the liquid phase. This gentle drying method is ideal for heat-sensitive materials, biological products, and pharmaceuticals, as it minimizes degradation and preserves product integrity.

The sera are used to offer

Answer: Artificial passive immunity

Sera (plural of serum) contain pre-formed antibodies that are derived from an immunized animal or human. When administered to an individual, these antibodies provide immediate but temporary protection against a specific pathogen or toxin. This type of immunity is termed artificial passive immunity because the body does not actively produce its own antibodies, but rather acquires them from an external source.

Inability to fight off infections is

Answer: susceptibility

Susceptibility refers to the state of being vulnerable or lacking resistance to a disease or infection. When an individual is susceptible, their immune system is unable to effectively fight off invading pathogens, making them prone to developing the infection. In contrast, virulence describes the pathogen's ability to cause disease, and tolerance relates to the body's ability to endure a substance or condition without adverse reaction.

The film coating of the tablet

Answer: Hydroxy propyle methyle cellulose

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is one of the most widely used polymers for film coating of tablets in the pharmaceutical industry. It is a water-soluble, non-toxic, and inert polymer that forms a smooth, durable, and aesthetically pleasing film. HPMC is valued for its ability to protect the tablet core, mask taste, and control drug release, making it a versatile choice for various tablet formulations.

What substance among these may be directly crushed into a tablet?

Answer: Aspirin

Direct compression is a tablet manufacturing method where powdered ingredients are compressed directly into tablets without prior granulation. Aspirin is well-known for its excellent compressibility and flow properties, which make it highly suitable for direct compression. Many other drugs, such as salicylic acid, indomethacin, and paracetamol, often require granulation or specific excipients to achieve adequate compression characteristics for tablet formation.