Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm.) Human Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

Tetany is a relative of

Answer: Hypocalcemia

Tetany is a medical sign characterized by involuntary muscle contractions, cramps, and spasms. It is primarily caused by hypocalcemia, which is an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood. Low extracellular calcium increases the excitability of nerve and muscle cells, leading to spontaneous and sustained muscle contractions.

The bone of the upper jaw is

Answer: Maxilla

The maxilla is the bone that forms the upper jaw. It is a paired bone that fuses in the midline, housing the upper teeth and contributing to the structure of the face, including the floor of the nasal cavity and the orbits. In contrast, the mandible forms the lower jaw.

An example of the shoulder joint is:

Answer: Ball and socket joint

The shoulder joint, specifically the glenohumeral joint, is a classic example of a ball and socket joint. This type of synovial joint allows for the greatest range of motion, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation. This extensive mobility is due to the spherical head of the humerus fitting into the cup-like glenoid cavity of the scapula.

The layer of the endocardium is

Answer: heart

The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the heart valves. It is a thin, smooth membrane that helps to ensure efficient blood flow and prevent clotting within the heart. Therefore, it is an integral part of the heart structure.

The backup pacemaker is

Answer: AV node

While the sinoatrial (SA) node is the primary pacemaker of the heart, initiating the electrical impulses, the atrioventricular (AV) node serves as a crucial backup pacemaker. If the SA node fails or its impulses are blocked, the AV node can take over to generate electrical impulses, albeit at a slower rate, ensuring the heart continues to beat.

Peritonium is an

Answer: Outer covering of elementary tract in abdomen

The peritoneum is a serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity and covers most of the abdominal organs, including the elementary tract. It consists of two layers: the parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the organs. This membrane supports and protects the abdominal organs while allowing them to move smoothly.

There are parotid glands in the

Answer: mouth

The parotid glands are the largest of the major salivary glands, located on either side of the face, just in front of and below the ears. They secrete saliva into the mouth through Stensen's duct. Their primary function is to produce serous saliva, which aids in digestion and lubrication within the oral cavity.

Succus entericus has a connection to

Answer: Intestinal juice

Succus entericus is the scientific term for the intestinal juice, a fluid secreted by the glands in the small intestine. This juice contains water, mucus, and various enzymes such as peptidases, disaccharidases, and intestinal lipase. These enzymes are essential for the final stages of digestion, breaking down food into absorbable nutrients.

Which of these glands functions both exocrine and endocrinely?

Answer: Pancreas

The pancreas is a unique organ that performs both exocrine and endocrine functions. Its exocrine function involves producing digestive enzymes that are secreted into the small intestine. Its endocrine function involves producing hormones like insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels and are secreted directly into the bloodstream.

Hyaline cartilages in the C shape are found in

Answer: Trachea

The trachea, or windpipe, is supported by 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage. These cartilaginous rings are crucial for maintaining an open airway, preventing the trachea from collapsing during respiration. The C-shape allows for slight expansion of the esophagus, which lies posterior to the trachea, during swallowing.

Tonsils can be found in

Answer: Pharynx

Tonsils are lymphoid tissues that are an important part of the immune system, strategically located in the pharynx (throat). The palatine tonsils are visible at the back of the throat, while adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils) are in the nasopharynx. They act as a first line of defense against inhaled or ingested pathogens.

Carbon dioxide buildup in the lungs is referred to as

Answer: Asphyxia

Asphyxia refers to a condition caused by a severe deficiency of oxygen and/or an excess of carbon dioxide in the body, often due to impaired breathing or suffocation. While anoxia specifically means a complete lack of oxygen, asphyxia encompasses the broader physiological disturbance resulting from inadequate gas exchange, including CO2 buildup in the lungs.

The kidney's fundamental unit is

Answer: Nephron

The nephron is the fundamental and functional unit of the kidney. Each kidney contains millions of nephrons, which are responsible for the vital processes of filtering blood, reabsorbing essential substances, and excreting waste products to form urine. The loop of Henle and glomerulus are specific components within a nephron.

Glucose reabsorption primarily occurs in:

Answer: Proximal convulated tubule

The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is the primary site for the reabsorption of most filtered substances in the kidney. Nearly all of the filtered glucose, amino acids, and a significant portion of sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and water are reabsorbed here. This extensive reabsorption is crucial for maintaining the body's nutrient balance and preventing their loss in urine.

The hormone that affects the body's basic metabolic rate is

Answer: Thyroxin

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), collectively known as thyroid hormones, are produced by the thyroid gland and are the primary regulators of the body's basal metabolic rate (BMR). These hormones influence the rate at which cells convert nutrients into energy, affecting growth, development, and overall energy expenditure.

Melatonin is produced by the

Answer: Pineal gland

The pineal gland, a small endocrine gland located deep in the brain, is primarily responsible for producing the hormone melatonin. Melatonin plays a crucial role in regulating the body's sleep-wake cycles (circadian rhythms) and seasonal functions. Its secretion is influenced by light and darkness, signaling the body's internal clock.