Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics Flashcards
6 cards from real B.Pharm. Bachelor of Pharmacy practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.
Read the first 6 Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics flashcards as text
Medication reconciliation in clinical pharmacy is defined as:
Answer: The process of comparing a patient's medication orders to all medications the patient has been taking
Medication reconciliation compares the medications a patient is currently taking against newly prescribed orders to prevent omissions, duplications, and errors during care transitions.
A clinical pharmacist performing a comprehensive medication review (CMR) primarily aims to:
Answer: Identify, prevent, and resolve drug-related problems
CMR is a systematic evaluation of a patient's medications to identify and resolve drug-related problems such as adverse effects, interactions, and non-adherence.
Which parameter is used to monitor anticoagulant therapy with warfarin?
Answer: International Normalized Ratio (INR)
INR standardizes the prothrombin time measurement to monitor warfarin therapy, with a target range of 2.0–3.0 for most indications.
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is most critical for drugs with which characteristic?
Answer: Narrow therapeutic index and variable pharmacokinetics
TDM is essential for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index (e.g., vancomycin, digoxin, lithium) where small changes in plasma levels can cause toxicity or therapeutic failure.
Polypharmacy in elderly patients primarily increases the risk of:
Answer: Drug-drug interactions and adverse drug reactions
Polypharmacy (use of multiple medications) significantly increases the risk of drug-drug interactions, adverse effects, medication errors, and non-adherence, especially in elderly patients.
Which adverse drug reaction type is dose-dependent and predictable based on the drug's mechanism of action?
Answer: Type A (augmented) reactions
Type A (augmented) adverse drug reactions are dose-dependent, predictable extensions of the drug's pharmacological effect, accounting for approximately 80% of all adverse drug reactions.