ATSW Learning Theory 5 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which condition MUST generally be met before a student can effectively focus on learning?
- Self-actualization needs such as creativity and problem-solving
- Esteem needs such as achievement and recognition
- Basic physiological and safety needs such as food, shelter, and security (Correct answer)
- Cognitive needs such as the desire to know and understand
Correct answer: Basic physiological and safety needs such as food, shelter, and security
Maslow's theory proposes that lower-order needs — physiological and safety — must be sufficiently satisfied before higher-order needs like learning and self-actualization can be pursued.
Question 2: A teacher uses 'retrieval practice' by having students recall information from memory before reviewing notes. This strategy is MOST supported by which finding?
- The testing effect, which shows that actively recalling information strengthens long-term memory (Correct answer)
- Cognitive load theory, which recommends minimizing the effort required to learn
- Dual coding theory, which combines verbal and visual encoding
- Social learning theory, which emphasizes peer observation
Correct answer: The testing effect, which shows that actively recalling information strengthens long-term memory
The testing effect (retrieval practice effect) demonstrates that actively retrieving information from memory is more effective for long-term retention than passive review.
Question 3: Which of the following BEST describes 'self-efficacy' as defined by Bandura?
- A student's general level of intelligence as measured by standardized tests
- A student's belief in their own ability to successfully perform a specific task (Correct answer)
- The degree to which a student is motivated by external rewards
- A student's awareness of how others perceive their academic performance
Correct answer: A student's belief in their own ability to successfully perform a specific task
Self-efficacy refers to an individual's confidence in their capacity to execute the behaviors necessary to produce specific outcomes in a given situation.
Question 4: A student who previously learned to add fractions easily applies that procedure incorrectly when learning to multiply fractions. This is an example of:
- Positive transfer
- Proactive interference (negative transfer) (Correct answer)
- Retroactive interference
- Cognitive dissonance
Correct answer: Proactive interference (negative transfer)
Proactive interference (or negative transfer) occurs when previously learned material interferes with and hinders the learning of new, related material.
Question 5: Which of the following instructional strategies MOST directly applies Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding within the ZPD?
- Assigning independent projects to allow students to demonstrate mastery
- Using think-alouds and guided questioning to support students just beyond their current level (Correct answer)
- Grouping students with similar ability levels for peer collaboration
- Providing extended time on assessments for all students
Correct answer: Using think-alouds and guided questioning to support students just beyond their current level
Think-alouds and guided questioning provide the temporary, targeted support that characterizes scaffolding — helping students work within their ZPD until they can proceed independently.
Question 6: In behaviorist learning theory, 'extinction' occurs when:
- A previously reinforced behavior decreases because reinforcement is no longer provided (Correct answer)
- A student is removed from the classroom as a consequence for misbehavior
- A new stimulus replaces the original conditioned stimulus
- A student masters a skill to the point where it becomes automatic
Correct answer: A previously reinforced behavior decreases because reinforcement is no longer provided
Extinction is the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when the reinforcement that maintained it is consistently withheld.
Question 7: Which of the following BEST reflects a 'growth mindset' as described by Carol Dweck?
- Believing that intelligence is a fixed trait that cannot be changed through effort
- Believing that abilities can be developed through dedication, hard work, and learning from mistakes (Correct answer)
- Focusing exclusively on innate talent when evaluating student potential
- Avoiding challenging tasks to protect one's sense of competence
Correct answer: Believing that abilities can be developed through dedication, hard work, and learning from mistakes
A growth mindset is the belief that intelligence and abilities are malleable qualities that can be cultivated through effort, effective strategies, and perseverance.
ATSW Learning Theory 5
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which condition MUST generally be met before a student can effectively focus on learning?