ATDH Organic Chemistry Fundamentals 2 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which type of reaction joins amino acids together to form proteins?
- Esterification
- Saponification
- Condensation (peptide bond formation) (Correct answer)
- Hydrolysis
Correct answer: Condensation (peptide bond formation)
Condensation (dehydration synthesis) links amino acids via peptide bonds, releasing a water molecule for each bond formed.
Question 2: A disaccharide is a carbohydrate composed of how many monosaccharide units?
- One
- Two (Correct answer)
- Three
- Many (more than ten)
Correct answer: Two
A disaccharide consists of exactly two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond; sucrose and lactose are common examples.
Question 3: What chemical transformation converts a primary alcohol into an aldehyde?
- Reduction
- Hydrolysis
- Oxidation (Correct answer)
- Substitution
Correct answer: Oxidation
Oxidation of a primary alcohol removes two hydrogen atoms, raising the oxidation state of the carbon and producing an aldehyde.
Question 4: What structural feature distinguishes unsaturated fatty acids from saturated fatty acids?
- More oxygen atoms in the chain
- Presence of one or more C=C double bonds (Correct answer)
- A shorter carbon chain length
- A different terminal functional group
Correct answer: Presence of one or more C=C double bonds
Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C) in their hydrocarbon chains, while saturated fatty acids have only single bonds.
Question 5: Which three components make up a nucleotide?
- A fatty acid, glycerol, and phosphate
- A phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base (Correct answer)
- An amino acid, ribose, and adenine
- A purine, pyrimidine, and deoxyribose
Correct answer: A phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base
A nucleotide is composed of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base — the monomeric building blocks of DNA and RNA.
Question 6: When a halogen replaces a hydrogen atom on an alkane under UV light, which type of reaction occurs?
- Addition reaction
- Elimination reaction
- Free-radical substitution reaction (Correct answer)
- Rearrangement reaction
Correct answer: Free-radical substitution reaction
Halogenation of alkanes is a free-radical substitution reaction where a halogen atom replaces a hydrogen atom on the alkane chain.
Question 7: Which monosaccharide serves as the primary fuel molecule for cellular respiration in the human body?
- Fructose
- Galactose
- Ribose
- Glucose (Correct answer)
Correct answer: Glucose
Glucose (C6H12O6) is the main substrate for cellular respiration, being broken down through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to produce ATP.
ATDH Organic Chemistry Fundamentals 2
Which type of reaction joins amino acids together to form proteins?