ASPD Human Development and Behavior 4

Question 1

According to Kohlberg's moral development theory, individuals with ASPD most commonly operate at which level of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Pre-conventional (self-interest and punishment avoidance)

Answer

Post-conventional (universal principles)

Answer

Conventional (social rules and authority)

Answer

Transcendent (spiritual law)

Question 2

What does the research on 'fearlessness theory' (Lykken) propose about the development of ASPD?

Accepted Answer

Low fear conditioning prevents learning from punishment, hindering conscience development

Answer

Individuals with ASPD have heightened fear responses that drive aggression

Answer

ASPD individuals fear social rejection more than physical harm

Answer

Fearlessness is a consequence rather than a cause of ASPD

Question 3

Neighborhood disadvantage and community violence exposure during childhood increases ASPD risk primarily through which mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Normalization of aggression and reduced access to prosocial modeling

Answer

Direct genetic mutation from toxin exposure

Answer

Peer rejection leading to depression

Answer

Reduced access to medical care

Question 4

What is the significance of 'proactive' vs. 'reactive' aggression in understanding developmental pathways to ASPD?

Accepted Answer

Proactive aggression is goal-directed and more strongly linked to psychopathic features

Answer

Reactive aggression is more heritable than proactive aggression

Answer

Only reactive aggression predicts adult ASPD

Answer

Proactive aggression disappears by adolescence

Question 5

The relationship between ASPD and substance use disorders across the lifespan is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A bidirectional, mutually reinforcing relationship with shared risk factors

Answer

Substance use causes ASPD through brain damage

Answer

A unidirectional relationship where ASPD always precedes substance use

Answer

An artifact of overlapping diagnostic criteria with no causal link

Question 6

In developmental research, which childhood temperament dimension is most consistently linked to antisocial outcomes in adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Low effortful control combined with high negative emotionality

Answer

High behavioral inhibition (shyness)

Answer

High sociability and extraversion

Answer

Low sensory sensitivity

Question 7

Which developmental finding is described as the 'age-crime curve' and is relevant to distinguishing ASPD from adolescence-limited antisocial behavior?

Accepted Answer

Most individuals show peak offending in adolescence that declines into adulthood

Answer

Crime rates peak at age 30 for most offenders

Answer

Female offenders peak earlier than males

Answer

ASPD individuals show no peak but steady lifetime criminality