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Congenital Heart Disease Flashcards

6 cards from real ARDMS ECHO practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.

Read the first 6 Congenital Heart Disease flashcards as text

  1. What saline contrast echo finding confirms an intracardiac right-to-left shunt?

    Answer: Bubbles crossing to the left atrium or left ventricle within 3–5 cardiac cycles

    A positive bubble study shows microbubbles crossing to the left heart within 3–5 beats of right heart opacification, confirming a right-to-left shunt.

  2. Which echocardiographic feature distinguishes cor triatriatum sinister from supravalvular mitral ring?

    Answer: Cor triatriatum has a membrane dividing the LA that excludes the LA appendage from the pulmonary venous chamber; supravalvular ring is at the mitral valve level

    Cor triatriatum features a fibromuscular membrane dividing the LA; the LA appendage is distal to the membrane, while a supravalvular mitral ring sits just above the mitral leaflets.

  3. In a patient with pulmonary stenosis, the Doppler jet is best recorded from which window?

    Answer: Parasternal short axis at the level of the great vessels

    Pulmonary stenosis jet is best aligned from the parasternal short axis at the base, where the beam can be directed parallel to RVOT flow toward the pulmonary valve.

  4. What is the significance of a Z-score in pediatric echocardiography?

    Answer: It normalizes cardiac dimensions to body surface area, expressing values as standard deviations from the mean

    Z-scores express a cardiac measurement as standard deviations from the body-size-adjusted mean, allowing size-appropriate assessment in children.

  5. Which congenital anomaly is characterized by absence or severe hypoplasia of the left-sided cardiac structures?

    Answer: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)

    HLHS features severe hypoplasia of the left ventricle, mitral valve, aortic valve, and ascending aorta, requiring staged surgical palliation or transplant.

  6. On echocardiography, a perimembranous VSD is located adjacent to which structure?

    Answer: Tricuspid valve and aortic valve (membranous septum)

    Perimembranous VSDs are located in the membranous septum immediately below the aortic valve and adjacent to the tricuspid valve septal leaflet.