AOA AOA Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which medication class is considered first-line pharmacological therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus?
- Sulfonylureas
- Insulin
- Metformin (biguanide) (Correct answer)
- DPP-4 inhibitors
Correct answer: Metformin (biguanide)
Metformin is the recommended first-line pharmacological treatment for type 2 diabetes due to its efficacy, safety profile, cardiovascular benefits, and low cost.
Question 2: What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors in treating hypertension?
- Block calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle
- Inhibit conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (Correct answer)
- Block beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart
- Promote sodium excretion in the distal tubule
Correct answer: Inhibit conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by blocking angiotensin-converting enzyme, preventing formation of angiotensin II which causes vasoconstriction and aldosterone release.
Question 3: Which antibiotic class is contraindicated in pregnant women due to risk of fetal dental discoloration and impaired bone growth?
- Penicillins
- Cephalosporins
- Tetracyclines (Correct answer)
- Macrolides
Correct answer: Tetracyclines
Tetracyclines bind calcium in developing fetal teeth and bones, causing permanent discoloration and growth inhibition, making them contraindicated in pregnancy.
Question 4: What is the primary therapeutic use of warfarin in clinical practice?
- Antiplatelet therapy for acute MI
- Anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation and thromboembolic disease (Correct answer)
- Treatment of hyperlipidemia
- Management of hypertensive emergencies
Correct answer: Anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation and thromboembolic disease
Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant used to prevent and treat thromboembolic conditions including atrial fibrillation, DVT, and pulmonary embolism.
Question 5: Which dangerous drug interaction occurs when SSRIs are combined with MAOIs?
- Reduced antidepressant efficacy
- Increased risk of bleeding
- Serotonin syndrome (Correct answer)
- Hypertensive crisis
Correct answer: Serotonin syndrome
Combining SSRIs with MAOIs causes serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by agitation, hyperthermia, and neuromuscular abnormalities.
Question 6: What is the specific antidote for acetaminophen overdose?
- Naloxone
- N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (Correct answer)
- Flumazenil
- Physostigmine
Correct answer: N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is the antidote for acetaminophen overdose, replenishing glutathione stores to prevent hepatotoxic accumulation of the NAPQI metabolite.
AOA AOA Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1
Which medication class is considered first-line pharmacological therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus?