Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

Which type of epithelium lines the alveoli of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange?

Answer: Simple squamous epithelium

Simple squamous epithelium forms an extremely thin layer ideal for rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across alveolar walls.

Which structure in the brainstem controls respiratory rate?

Answer: Medulla oblongata

The medulla oblongata contains the respiratory centers (dorsal and ventral groups) that set the basic rhythm of breathing.

Which plasma protein is most responsible for maintaining oncotic (colloid osmotic) pressure in the blood?

Answer: Albumin

Albumin, the most abundant plasma protein, exerts the greatest oncotic pressure, pulling water back into capillaries.

What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?

Answer: Reduce surface tension in alveoli to prevent collapse

Surfactant, produced by type II alveolar cells, reduces surface tension so alveoli remain open at the end of expiration.

Which section of the large intestine is most commonly affected in appendicitis?

Answer: Cecum

The appendix is a small projection from the cecum, so appendicitis involves inflammation in the cecal region.

During an action potential, what causes the initial depolarization phase?

Answer: Sodium ions rushing into the cell

Voltage-gated sodium channels open and Na⁺ rapidly flows into the neuron, causing membrane potential to rise from -70 mV toward +30 mV.

Which of the following correctly describes the anatomical position?

Answer: Standing upright, arms at the sides, palms facing forward

Anatomical position is defined as standing erect, feet together, arms at the sides with palms facing anteriorly (forward).