AK Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals 2 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which proprioceptive receptor is primarily responsible for detecting changes in muscle length and triggering the stretch reflex?
- Golgi tendon organ
- Muscle spindle (Correct answer)
- Ruffini ending
- Pacinian corpuscle
Correct answer: Muscle spindle
Muscle spindles are intrafusal fibers sensitive to muscle length changes and initiate the monosynaptic stretch reflex arc.
Question 2: In Applied Kinesiology, the neurolymphatic reflex points associated with the pectoralis major clavicular muscle are located on which structure?
- Sternum (Correct answer)
- Iliotibial band
- Posterior ribs
- Occiput
Correct answer: Sternum
Chapman's neurolymphatic reflex points for the pectoralis major clavicular are found on the sternum and are used to evaluate stomach function.
Question 3: The Golgi tendon organ (GTO) responds primarily to:
- Rapid changes in muscle length
- Passive stretch of connective tissue
- Tension developed during active contraction (Correct answer)
- Joint position sense
Correct answer: Tension developed during active contraction
GTOs are located at the musculotendinous junction and fire in response to muscle tension, particularly during active contraction, triggering autogenic inhibition.
Question 4: Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?
- CN VII (Facial)
- CN X (Vagus)
- CN XI (Accessory) (Correct answer)
- CN XII (Hypoglossal)
Correct answer: CN XI (Accessory)
The spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) provides motor innervation to both the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscles.
Question 5: In AK muscle testing, a facilitated muscle that tests strong is most consistent with which finding?
- Hypertonicity or over-facilitation of that muscle (Correct answer)
- Complete denervation
- Reciprocal inhibition of the antagonist
- Ligament laxity at the related joint
Correct answer: Hypertonicity or over-facilitation of that muscle
A facilitated (hypertonic) muscle tests strong but represents an abnormal neurological state of over-excitability that can accompany dysfunction.
Question 6: The anterior deltoid muscle is primarily innervated by which nerve?
- Musculocutaneous nerve
- Radial nerve
- Axillary nerve (Correct answer)
- Subscapular nerve
Correct answer: Axillary nerve
The axillary nerve (C5–C6) innervates all three heads of the deltoid as well as the teres minor.
Question 7: Which fascial layer directly invests individual muscle fibers within a skeletal muscle?
- Epimysium
- Perimysium
- Endomysium (Correct answer)
- Fascia lata
Correct answer: Endomysium
The endomysium is the innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber (cell).
AK Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals 2
Which proprioceptive receptor is primarily responsible for detecting changes in muscle length and triggering the stretch reflex?