Adult-Gerontology CNS Test Advanced Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2

Question 1

Statins are first-line therapy for reducing cardiovascular events in adults with hyperlipidemia primarily due to their ability to:

Accepted Answer

Reduce LDL-C and stabilize atherosclerotic plaques through pleiotropic effects

Answer

Raise HDL levels dramatically

Answer

Lower triglycerides below 150 mg/dL

Answer

Prevent platelet aggregation

Question 2

SGLT2 inhibitors have demonstrated benefit beyond glycemic control in type 2 diabetes by:

Accepted Answer

Reducing cardiovascular mortality, hospitalizations for heart failure, and slowing CKD progression

Answer

Increasing insulin secretion from beta cells

Answer

Blocking glucagon release from alpha cells

Answer

Enhancing peripheral glucose uptake in muscle

Question 3

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) used long-term in older adults are associated with increased risk of:

Accepted Answer

Hypomagnesemia, C. difficile infection, community-acquired pneumonia, and fracture risk

Answer

Peptic ulcer disease recurrence

Answer

Hyperkalemia and metabolic alkalosis

Answer

Hepatotoxicity and elevated liver enzymes

Question 4

Anticholinergic medications are particularly dangerous in older adults because they can cause:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive impairment, urinary retention, constipation, and increased fall risk

Answer

Excessive diuresis and dehydration

Answer

Serotonin syndrome when combined with SSRIs

Answer

Hepatic failure from CYP450 inhibition

Question 5

When prescribing bisphosphonates for osteoporosis, the CNS should monitor for:

Accepted Answer

Esophageal irritation, osteonecrosis of the jaw, and atypical femur fractures with long-term use

Answer

Hyperphosphatemia and hypercalcemia

Answer

Agranulocytosis and thrombocytopenia

Answer

Peripheral neuropathy from pyridoxine depletion

Question 6

Digoxin toxicity in older adults is most commonly precipitated by:

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia from concomitant diuretic use or hypomagnesemia

Answer

High-fat meal intake

Answer

Hypernatremia from dehydration

Answer

Concurrent beta-blocker therapy