Adult-Gerontology CNS Test Advanced Pathophysiology 3

Question 1

The primary compensatory mechanism in metabolic acidosis is:

Accepted Answer

Hyperventilation to reduce CO2 (respiratory compensation)

Answer

Increased renal bicarbonate excretion

Answer

Increased aldosterone secretion

Answer

Decreased hydrogen ion secretion by the proximal tubule

Question 2

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in response to chronic hypertension is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Pressure-overload concentric hypertrophy

Answer

Pathological hyperplasia

Answer

Volume-overload eccentric hypertrophy

Answer

Compensatory atrophy

Question 3

Sarcopenia in older adults is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function with aging

Answer

Increased type I slow-twitch muscle fiber mass

Answer

Inflammatory myopathy with elevated CPK

Answer

Selective loss of cardiac muscle only

Question 4

Hypothyroidism affects the cardiovascular system primarily by causing:

Accepted Answer

Decreased heart rate, reduced cardiac output, and diastolic dysfunction

Answer

Tachycardia and hypertension

Answer

Atrial fibrillation and high-output failure

Answer

Pulmonary hypertension from vasoconstriction

Question 5

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) primarily results from:

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerotic plaque causing progressive stenosis of peripheral arteries

Answer

Venous thromboembolism of extremity vessels

Answer

Vasculitis-mediated arterial destruction

Answer

Lymphatic obstruction causing ischemia

Question 6

Sepsis-induced organ dysfunction is primarily driven by:

Accepted Answer

Dysregulated host inflammatory response causing microcirculatory failure and cellular injury

Answer

Direct bacterial invasion of all organ tissues

Answer

Exotoxin-mediated apoptosis exclusively

Answer

Hypovolemia from third-spacing alone