Adult-Gerontology CNS Test Advanced Pathophysiology 2

Question 1

Systolic hypertension in older adults is largely attributed to:

Accepted Answer

Arterial stiffening and decreased aortic compliance

Answer

Increased cardiac output

Answer

Elevated renin-angiotensin activity

Answer

Increased plasma volume

Question 2

Osteoporosis is best defined pathophysiologically as:

Accepted Answer

Imbalance between bone resorption and formation leading to decreased bone density and microarchitectural deterioration

Answer

Failure of osteoblast recruitment only

Answer

Calcium and phosphate deposition defect

Answer

Inflammatory destruction of cortical bone exclusively

Question 3

Which mechanism explains the anemia commonly seen in chronic kidney disease?

Accepted Answer

Reduced erythropoietin production by failing kidneys

Answer

Iron sequestration by acute-phase proteins

Answer

Vitamin B12 malabsorption

Answer

Hemolysis from uremic toxins primarily

Question 4

Pulmonary embolism causes hypoxemia primarily through:

Accepted Answer

Ventilation-perfusion mismatch and increased dead space

Answer

Diffusion impairment across thickened alveolar membranes

Answer

Hypoventilation from chest wall pain

Answer

Left-to-right intracardiac shunting

Question 5

Delirium in hospitalized older adults is best understood as:

Accepted Answer

An acute neurological syndrome reflecting global cerebral dysfunction from predisposing and precipitating factors

Answer

A new psychiatric disorder triggered by hospitalization

Answer

A permanent cognitive change indicating new dementia

Answer

Serotonin syndrome from polypharmacy

Question 6

Hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis is primarily driven by:

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of ammonia and other neurotoxins due to impaired hepatic detoxification and portosystemic shunting

Answer

Hepatic arterial thrombosis

Answer

Bile salt toxicity to neurons

Answer

Hypoalbuminemia causing cerebral edema