ACRN Opportunistic Infections Management 3

Question 1

Brain MRI in an HIV patient with CD4 of 80 shows multiple ring-enhancing lesions with surrounding edema. What is the most likely opportunistic infection?

Accepted Answer

Toxoplasma encephalitis

Answer

Primary CNS lymphoma

Answer

Cryptococcal meningitis

Answer

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

Question 2

An HIV patient presents with painless white plaques on the lateral borders of the tongue that cannot be removed by scraping. What is this lesion?

Accepted Answer

Oral hairy leukoplakia

Answer

Oral candidiasis (thrush)

Answer

Aphthous ulcers

Answer

Kaposi's sarcoma

Question 3

Which organism is responsible for cryptosporidiosis, a cause of severe watery diarrhea in immunocompromised HIV patients?

Accepted Answer

Cryptosporidium parvum

Answer

Cytomegalovirus

Answer

Clostridioides difficile

Answer

Giardia lamblia

Question 4

What is the most effective intervention for treating cryptosporidiosis in an HIV-positive patient?

Accepted Answer

Initiation or optimization of ART to achieve immune reconstitution

Answer

Metronidazole 500 mg TID

Answer

Nitazoxanide monotherapy

Answer

TMP-SMX double-strength daily

Question 5

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in HIV-positive patients is associated with co-infection by which virus?

Accepted Answer

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)

Answer

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Answer

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Answer

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

Question 6

A newly diagnosed HIV patient with CD4 of 30 also tests positive for latent tuberculosis. According to current guidelines, what is the correct sequence for initiating treatment?

Accepted Answer

Start TB treatment first, then initiate ART within 2 weeks

Answer

Start ART and TB treatment simultaneously on day one

Answer

Complete full TB treatment (6 months) before starting ART

Answer

Start ART first and defer TB treatment for 4 weeks

Question 7

A nurse notes that an HIV patient with CD4 of 35 has developed white, thick plaques in the mouth that can be easily wiped away, leaving a red, raw base. What OI is this and what is the first-line treatment?

Accepted Answer

Oral candidiasis (thrush); fluconazole

Answer

Oral hairy leukoplakia; acyclovir

Answer

Herpes simplex; valacyclovir

Answer

Kaposi's sarcoma; chemotherapy