ACA Instructor Certification — Questions and Answers

Question 1: When using the EDGE teaching framework, what does the 'G' stand for?

Guide (Correct answer)
Ground
Guard
Gauge

Correct answer: Guide

EDGE stands for Explain, Demonstrate, Guide, and Enable — a structured progression used in ACA instruction.

Question 2: What is the correct way to fit a paddling helmet for whitewater use?

Tilted back to maximize vision
Sitting level with one to two finger-widths above the eyebrows, snug but comfortable (Correct answer)
Loose enough to spin freely and ventilate
As tight as possible to prevent any movement

Correct answer: Sitting level with one to two finger-widths above the eyebrows, snug but comfortable

A properly fitted helmet sits level, covers the forehead within one to two finger-widths of the eyebrows, and does not rock when the chin strap is fastened.

Question 3: Under the Leave No Trace framework, which campfire practice is most environmentally responsible?

Building a large fire to consolidate campfire use to one location
Using a portable camp stove for cooking and avoiding campfires in sensitive or fire-prone areas (Correct answer)
Burning driftwood only since it is already dead
Building fires directly on bare mineral soil away from trees

Correct answer: Using a portable camp stove for cooking and avoiding campfires in sensitive or fire-prone areas

LNT principle 5 (Minimize Campfire Impacts) recommends portable stoves as the preferred method; fires should be avoided where wood is scarce or fire risk is high.

Question 4: What is the purpose of ethafoam or minicell foam outfitting inside a whitewater kayak?

To custom-fit the paddler's hips, knees, and seat for control and comfort (Correct answer)
To store rescue equipment out of the way
To absorb water and prevent swamping
To add weight and lower the center of gravity

Correct answer: To custom-fit the paddler's hips, knees, and seat for control and comfort

Outfitting foam is shaped to fit the individual paddler's body, creating the tight contact points needed for precise boat control and effective rolling.

Question 5: What is the primary difference between a low-angle and a high-angle forward stroke in kayaking?

Low-angle keeps the shaft nearly horizontal; high-angle keeps it nearly vertical (Correct answer)
Low-angle uses a shorter paddle; high-angle uses a longer one
Low-angle is for flatwater only; high-angle for whitewater only
Low-angle is faster; high-angle is slower

Correct answer: Low-angle keeps the shaft nearly horizontal; high-angle keeps it nearly vertical

Low-angle paddling keeps the shaft nearly parallel to the water for efficiency over long distances, while high-angle paddling is more vertical for power and speed.

Question 6: How does a dam release affect river conditions downstream for paddlers?

Controlled releases can rapidly and dramatically raise water levels, increase current speed, and change hazard profiles downstream with little warning (Correct answer)
Releases create predictable, safe conditions because they are regulated
Dam releases only affect water levels directly at the dam
Dam water is always warmer than natural river flow, reducing cold-water risk

Correct answer: Controlled releases can rapidly and dramatically raise water levels, increase current speed, and change hazard profiles downstream with little warning

Dam releases can raise water levels rapidly over a large distance, dramatically increasing current velocity, strainer hazards, and hydraulic power — paddlers must check release schedules before and during trips.

Question 7: An ACA instructor uses the 'sandwich' feedback model. What is the correct order?

Observation → correction → practice
Positive → correction → positive (Correct answer)
Question → demonstration → question
Correction → positive → correction

Correct answer: Positive → correction → positive

The sandwich model delivers corrective feedback between two positive observations to maintain motivation while addressing the issue.

Question 8: What is the ACA-recommended response to a paddler who has been submerged and is unresponsive after rescue?

Begin CPR immediately and activate emergency medical services (EMS) (Correct answer)
Warm the patient before beginning resuscitation
Place in recovery position only and monitor
Perform abdominal thrusts to expel water before CPR

Correct answer: Begin CPR immediately and activate emergency medical services (EMS)

An unresponsive, non-breathing drowning victim requires immediate CPR and activation of EMS — there is no role for abdominal thrusts in modern drowning resuscitation.

Question 9: What is the best way for an ACA instructor to manage a student who panics after capsizing?

Leave them to self-rescue to build confidence
Shout louder to cut through the noise of the water
Speak calmly, give simple one-step commands, and maintain eye contact (Correct answer)
Immediately pull them from the water without instructions

Correct answer: Speak calmly, give simple one-step commands, and maintain eye contact

Calm, simple, direct instructions help a panicking student focus and follow rescue procedures without adding to their stress.

Question 10: What does 'RICE' stand for in ACA field treatment for soft tissue injuries?

Reduce, Immobilize, Circulate, Elevate
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation (Correct answer)
Rinse, Inspect, Cover, Evaluate
Rest, Irrigate, Compress, Examine

Correct answer: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation

RICE stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation — the standard protocol for managing sprains, strains, and other soft tissue injuries in the field.

Question 11: What concept describes a student's optimal learning zone where challenge slightly exceeds current ability?

Comfort zone
Mastery plateau
Panic zone
Learning edge / growth zone (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Learning edge / growth zone

The growth zone (or learning edge) is where tasks are slightly harder than current ability, promoting skill development without overwhelming the learner.

Question 12: When scouting an unfamiliar rapid, an ACA instructor should look for which elements FIRST?

The steepest drop to estimate difficulty
Where other groups have portaged
Hydraulics, strainers, and viable swim outs (Correct answer)
The fastest line through the center

Correct answer: Hydraulics, strainers, and viable swim outs

Identifying life-threatening hazards — hydraulics, strainers, and escape routes — takes priority over finding the fastest or most exciting line.

Question 13: What is a 'dry bag' used for in paddling, and what IP rating ensures waterproofing?

Floating spare paddles; no rating needed
Holding rescue equipment; IP68 is mandatory
Protecting essential gear from water immersion; roll-top closure provides waterproofing without an IP rating (Correct answer)
Storing food; IP44 rating is sufficient

Correct answer: Protecting essential gear from water immersion; roll-top closure provides waterproofing without an IP rating

Dry bags use a roll-top closure that creates a watertight seal when rolled and clipped, protecting gear from immersion without requiring an IP rating.

Question 14: A student completes a river run successfully but used incorrect technique. The instructor should:

Require the student to repeat the run before moving on
Praise the outcome and say nothing about the technique to preserve confidence
Ignore it since the student succeeded
Acknowledge the success while providing a specific cue to improve technique for the next run (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Acknowledge the success while providing a specific cue to improve technique for the next run

Acknowledging success while offering targeted technique improvement respects the student's accomplishment and maintains forward momentum without reinforcing poor habits.

Question 15: What is the ACA-recommended safe shore position for a downstream safety paddler during a rescue scenario?

Upstream of the hazard to provide early warning
In a calm eddy downstream with clear view of the rapid and accessible throw rope (Correct answer)
On the highest bank for maximum visibility
Directly below the rapid to intercept swimmers immediately

Correct answer: In a calm eddy downstream with clear view of the rapid and accessible throw rope

The downstream safety paddler should position in a stable eddy with clear sight lines to the hazard, ready with a throw rope to intercept any swimmer who comes through.

Question 16: When delivering feedback on paddling technique, ACA instructors should prioritize:

Written feedback provided after the session ends
Peer feedback exclusively to build group cohesion
Quantity — give as many corrections as possible per session
Specificity and timing — one key cue delivered close to the performance moment (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Specificity and timing — one key cue delivered close to the performance moment

Specific, timely feedback linked directly to the performance moment is most effective for skill acquisition.

Question 17: What is a 'laminar flow' in a river, and where is it most commonly found?

The underwater current that runs opposite to surface flow
Turbulent, chaotic flow in the center of a rapid
Smooth, parallel layers of water typically found on flat sections and near the surface in low-gradient rivers (Correct answer)
The circular current in an eddy

Correct answer: Smooth, parallel layers of water typically found on flat sections and near the surface in low-gradient rivers

Laminar flow is smooth, layered water movement where water molecules travel in parallel paths — it occurs on flat, slow sections and is the opposite of turbulent flow.

Question 18: What is 'swim soak drowning' (secondary drowning) and why must ACA instructors monitor for it?

A condition caused by drinking river water during swims
A term for drowning in cold water versus warm water
A drowning that occurs days after a near-drowning event when aspirated water causes lung inflammation (Correct answer)
Fatigue-induced drowning after prolonged swimming in current

Correct answer: A drowning that occurs days after a near-drowning event when aspirated water causes lung inflammation

Secondary drowning occurs hours after a near-drowning event when aspirated water causes pulmonary inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs, potentially causing respiratory failure.

Question 19: Which factor is most critical when conducting a risk assessment before a paddling session?

Environmental conditions like weather and water levels (Correct answer)
Participant fashion and attire.
Availability of snacks.
Time of year.

Correct answer: Environmental conditions like weather and water levels

Environmental conditions are paramount in a paddlesports risk assessment because they directly impact the safety and feasibility of a session. Factors such as wind, temperature, precipitation, water currents, and levels can change rapidly and significantly increase hazards. It is crucial to evaluate these conditions thoroughly before and during any paddling activity to prevent dangerous situations like capsizes or hypothermia.

Question 20: Which behavior by an ACA instructor best models 'responsible group size' ethics on a sensitive waterway?

Dividing a large group into small groups of 4–6 and staggering launch times to reduce crowding (Correct answer)
Splitting a 25-person group into one large raft for efficiency
Limiting group size only when mandated by a permit
Keeping all participants together for better supervision

Correct answer: Dividing a large group into small groups of 4–6 and staggering launch times to reduce crowding

Small, staggered groups reduce noise, bank compaction, and perceived crowding, minimizing ecological and social impacts in sensitive or popular paddling areas.

Question 21: What does 'gradient' mean in river terminology, and how does it affect paddling difficulty?

The color change in water indicating depth changes
The ratio of sand to rock in the riverbed composition
The temperature differential between surface and deep water
The rate of elevation drop per mile — higher gradient generally means more technical, faster, and more challenging water (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The rate of elevation drop per mile — higher gradient generally means more technical, faster, and more challenging water

Gradient measures how steeply a river drops — rivers with high gradient drop quickly, creating rapid sequences, powerful currents, and more challenging whitewater.

Question 22: Before leading a group on a new river section, what should an ACA instructor always do?

Have students sign liability waivers and proceed immediately
Scout the route, review gauge data, and assess hazards in advance (Correct answer)
Trust their experience and paddle it without prior preparation
Wait for a sunny day and high water levels

Correct answer: Scout the route, review gauge data, and assess hazards in advance

Pre-trip scouting, reviewing current water levels via gauge data, and hazard assessment are essential instructor responsibilities before bringing students to an unfamiliar section.

Question 23: What is 'lining' a canoe, and when is it used in trip planning?

Using ropes to guide an unloaded or lightly loaded canoe through a rapid from the shore (Correct answer)
Attaching a fishing line to the bow for trolling
Painting a decorative line along the gunwale
Tying multiple canoes together for group stability

Correct answer: Using ropes to guide an unloaded or lightly loaded canoe through a rapid from the shore

Lining involves using bow and stern lines from shore to guide a boat through a hazard when paddling through is too risky — a portage alternative for manageable rapids.

Question 24: How should an ACA instructor manage a suspected spinal injury following a paddler's impact with a rock?

Remove the helmet immediately to check for head injury
Immediately pull the victim onto shore by the arms
Stabilize the head and spine in the water, minimize movement, and keep the airway above water until EMS arrives (Correct answer)
Have the victim sit up slowly to assess mobility

Correct answer: Stabilize the head and spine in the water, minimize movement, and keep the airway above water until EMS arrives

Suspected spinal injuries require manual stabilization of the head and spine while maintaining the airway above water, minimizing movement until trained EMS personnel arrive.

Question 25: What is a 'thigh hook' (or thigh brace) in a kayak, and why is it important?

A strap that prevents the kayaker from falling out of the seat
A device for anchoring the kayak to the riverbed
A hook used to attach gear bags to the kayak frame
A foam or molded fitting that the paddler's thighs press against to control the boat's lean and roll (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A foam or molded fitting that the paddler's thighs press against to control the boat's lean and roll

Thigh hooks allow the paddler to apply force through their legs to tilt, edge, and roll the kayak, which is essential for control in moving water.

Question 26: According to ACA risk management principles, which situation warrants an immediate trip termination?

Wind picks up to 10 mph on flatwater
Thunder is heard within 30 minutes of the group's location (Correct answer)
One participant forgot their water bottle
A student capsizes and successfully rolls up

Correct answer: Thunder is heard within 30 minutes of the group's location

Lightning is an immediate life threat on open water; ACA guidelines require clearing the water when thunder is heard (30-30 rule).

Question 27: What is the recommended approach for washing dishes while camping on a multi-day paddling expedition?

Wash in a container, scatter dishwater widely at least 200 feet from water and camp after straining food particles (Correct answer)
Use disposable plates to eliminate the need for washing
Bury food scraps and dishwater together in a cathole
Wash directly in the river using biodegradable soap for efficiency

Correct answer: Wash in a container, scatter dishwater widely at least 200 feet from water and camp after straining food particles

Straining food particles and scattering dishwater 200 feet from water disperses nutrients and soap before they can concentrate and impact the waterway or attract wildlife to camp.

Question 28: Why is it important to conduct a pre-launch safety briefing?

To inform participants of potential hazards and emergency procedures (Correct answer)
To make the instructor's job easier.
To allow for more paddling time.
To reduce the duration of the trip.

Correct answer: To inform participants of potential hazards and emergency procedures

A pre-launch safety briefing is crucial for preparing participants for the paddling session ahead. It ensures everyone is aware of potential risks, understands the safety rules, knows how to use their equipment, and is familiar with emergency protocols like self-rescue or what to do in a capsize. This proactive communication empowers participants and significantly reduces the likelihood of incidents.

Question 29: What is a 'hydraulic' (also called a 'hole') in river hydrology?

A submerged rock that causes eddies
A calm pool at the bottom of a rapid
A fast laminar flow channel between rocks
A recirculating feature where water flows back upstream after dropping over an obstacle (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A recirculating feature where water flows back upstream after dropping over an obstacle

A hydraulic or hole forms when water drops over a ledge or rock and recirculates back toward the feature, creating a powerful backwash.

Question 30: What are the ACA's main instructor certification disciplines?

Kayaking and canoeing only
Kayaking, canoeing, and stand-up paddleboarding only
Kayaking, canoe, SUP, rafting, and adaptive paddling (Correct answer)
Flatwater only — whitewater has a separate governing body

Correct answer: Kayaking, canoe, SUP, rafting, and adaptive paddling

The ACA offers instructor certifications across kayaking, canoe, stand-up paddleboarding (SUP), rafting, and adaptive paddling for individuals with disabilities.

Question 31: Which of the following is an example of 'intrinsic feedback' during paddling instruction?

The instructor tells the student to rotate more
The student feels the paddle blade slip through the water inefficiently (Correct answer)
A peer student says 'that looked better'
Video replay shows poor posture during the stroke

Correct answer: The student feels the paddle blade slip through the water inefficiently

Intrinsic feedback comes from within the learner's own sensory system — what the paddler feels, hears, or senses during the movement.

Question 32: What is the purpose of a 'debrief' at the end of an ACA paddling session?

To facilitate reflection on learning, consolidate skills, and plan next steps (Correct answer)
To collect equipment and dismiss students quickly
To review safety incidents only
To assign grades to each student's performance

Correct answer: To facilitate reflection on learning, consolidate skills, and plan next steps

A structured debrief helps students consolidate learning through reflection and helps the instructor identify what to focus on in the next session.

Question 33: Which of the following BEST illustrates 'variable practice' in an ACA kayaking course?

Watching the instructor demonstrate three times before attempting a skill
Alternating between ferrying in different currents, angles, and boat types within a session (Correct answer)
Practicing forward strokes at the same speed and depth each time
Repeating the same ferry angle drill 20 times in a row

Correct answer: Alternating between ferrying in different currents, angles, and boat types within a session

Variable practice involves changing conditions (speed, angle, environment) to build flexible, transferable skills rather than context-specific performance.

Question 34: What is a 'horizon line' in river scouting terminology as taught by ACA?

The water level mark on gauge station posts
A flat calm stretch of river with no current features
The distant shoreline used for navigation bearings
The visual edge where a river drops out of sight, indicating a significant rapid or waterfall ahead (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The visual edge where a river drops out of sight, indicating a significant rapid or waterfall ahead

A horizon line is the visual cue where the river surface disappears into the distance, indicating a significant drop, waterfall, or major rapid that requires scouting.

Question 35: What does ACA require instructors to maintain in terms of personal paddling skill?

No ongoing skill requirement after certification
Must paddle at least once per year
Must demonstrate skills one level above those they teach (Correct answer)
Must complete an annual skills refresher course

Correct answer: Must demonstrate skills one level above those they teach

ACA Instructors are expected to maintain and demonstrate paddling proficiency at least one skill level above the highest level they are authorized to teach.

Question 36: What ACA training is specifically recommended for instructors leading paddling trips in remote locations more than 1 hour from EMS?

Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS)
Wilderness First Responder (WFR) certification (Correct answer)
Standard First Aid and CPR is sufficient everywhere
Paramedic licensure

Correct answer: Wilderness First Responder (WFR) certification

Wilderness First Responder (WFR) training is specifically designed for remote environments where EMS response may be delayed, covering extended patient management and field improvisation.

Question 37: When performing a forward stroke in a sea kayak, at what point should the stroke exit the water for maximum efficiency?

When the blade reaches the stern
After the blade completes a full arc to the rear
When the top arm is fully extended
When the blade passes the paddler's knee or hip (Correct answer)

Correct answer: When the blade passes the paddler's knee or hip

Exiting the stroke at the hip maximizes the propulsive phase; continuing past the hip adds lifting force rather than forward drive.

Question 38: What is the ecological significance of 'nutrient loading' caused by improper waste disposal near waterways?

It increases water clarity, benefiting native fish
It causes algae blooms that deplete oxygen and create dead zones harmful to aquatic life (Correct answer)
It has minimal effect in fast-moving rivers
It enriches wetland soils, supporting plant diversity

Correct answer: It causes algae blooms that deplete oxygen and create dead zones harmful to aquatic life

Excess nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) from human waste trigger algae blooms that consume dissolved oxygen during decomposition, causing hypoxic dead zones that kill fish and invertebrates.

Question 39: Which questioning technique encourages HIGHER-ORDER thinking in paddling students?

'How many strokes did that take?'
'Why do you think your boat edged that way during the turn?' (Correct answer)
'What color is your paddle blade?'
'Did you brace on the correct side?'

Correct answer: 'Why do you think your boat edged that way during the turn?'

Asking 'why' prompts students to analyze cause-and-effect relationships, engaging critical thinking rather than simple recall.

Question 40: A student asks if they can pick a small bouquet of wildflowers from a remote riverbank. Which LNT principle applies?

Travel on durable surfaces
Leave What You Find (Correct answer)
Dispose of waste properly
Minimize campfire impacts

Correct answer: Leave What You Find

LNT Principle 4 — 'Leave What You Find' — prohibits picking plants, moving rocks, or collecting natural objects to preserve ecosystems and the experience for future visitors.

Question 41: In ACA rescue instruction, what is the 'talk-to-swim' progression for a rescue response?

Radio communication protocol between upstream and downstream safety teams
Calling out to a swimmer to begin the pendulum swing to shore
Communicate rescue plan before entering water, prioritizing verbal guidance first
A four-step scale from verbal coaching to physical swimming rescue, escalating risk level with each step (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A four-step scale from verbal coaching to physical swimming rescue, escalating risk level with each step

The talk-to-swim progression scales rescue response from verbal instruction, to reaching, to throwing, to boat-based, and finally to swimming rescue — escalating rescuer risk at each step.

Question 42: What is guided discovery in teaching paddling?

Students learn by discovering solutions through experience (Correct answer)
A strict lecture approach.
Letting students paddle freely with no instruction.
Repeating the same drills endlessly.

Correct answer: Students learn by discovering solutions through experience

Guided discovery is a teaching approach where the instructor facilitates learning by posing questions, setting up scenarios, and providing minimal direct instruction, allowing students to actively explore and figure out solutions for themselves. In paddlesports, this means students might experiment with paddle strokes or boat movements to understand their effects, with the instructor offering prompts and feedback rather than just telling them what to do. This method fosters deeper understanding, problem-solving skills, and retention.

Question 43: Which learning style benefits most from a 'feel it first' approach before receiving verbal instruction?

Read/write learner
Auditory learner
Visual learner
Kinesthetic learner (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Kinesthetic learner

Kinesthetic learners gain understanding through physical experience and benefit from attempting a skill before receiving detailed verbal cues.

Question 44: Which material is preferred for ACA-recommended paddle blades used in whitewater kayaking instruction?

Wood
Aluminum
Plastic (polypropylene)
Fiberglass or carbon fiber (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Fiberglass or carbon fiber

Fiberglass or carbon fiber blades are preferred for whitewater instruction because of their strength-to-weight ratio and performance characteristics.

Question 45: What is a 'hydraulic' or 'hole' in whitewater, and why is it dangerous?

A shallow section with exposed rocks
A recirculating reversal of water behind a drop that can trap paddlers (Correct answer)
A fast, straight channel that is safe to paddle
An underwater eddy that spins boats sideways

Correct answer: A recirculating reversal of water behind a drop that can trap paddlers

A hydraulic is a recirculating feature where surface water flows back upstream, creating a washing machine-like trap for swimmers.

Question 46: Why is it essential to understand local wildlife laws during ACA instruction?

Because it helps instructors avoid paddling in rough weather.
Because it ensures compliance with regulations and protects local ecosystems (Correct answer)
Because it allows for feeding and petting wild animals.
Because it lets you hunt while paddling.

Correct answer: Because it ensures compliance with regulations and protects local ecosystems

Understanding local wildlife laws is essential for ACA instructors to ensure all activities comply with legal regulations and promote responsible outdoor behavior. This knowledge helps protect local ecosystems by preventing harmful interactions with wildlife, preserving natural habitats, and avoiding penalties. It underscores the instructor's role in environmental stewardship.

Question 47: What is a 'sieve' in whitewater, and how does it differ from a strainer?

There is no difference — the terms are interchangeable
A sieve is a large hole in the riverbed; a strainer is a surface hazard
A sieve is a submerged rock formation with narrow gaps that water passes through, trapping swimmers underwater; a strainer is usually surface debris (Correct answer)
A sieve is a shallow riffle; a strainer is a deep hole

Correct answer: A sieve is a submerged rock formation with narrow gaps that water passes through, trapping swimmers underwater; a strainer is usually surface debris

A sieve consists of submerged boulders with gaps through which water flows — a swimmer can be forced underwater and pinned against the rocks, with no surface visibility for rescuers.

Question 48: Why is a float plan important in paddlesports?

It replaces the need for safety gear.
It increases fun for participants.
It helps instructors teach faster.
It provides an emergency contact record if something goes wrong (Correct answer)

Correct answer: It provides an emergency contact record if something goes wrong

A float plan is a vital safety tool in paddlesports because it serves as a detailed itinerary left with a trusted contact on shore. In the event of an overdue return or an emergency, this plan provides crucial information such as the intended route, estimated return time, and contact details for all participants. This allows rescue services to be alerted promptly and efficiently, significantly improving the chances of a successful search and rescue operation.

Question 49: What is the primary ethical concern when paddling through a wildlife refuge that permits non-motorized watercraft?

Ensuring all participants hold a refuge day-use permit
Maintaining a paddling speed fast enough to avoid disturbing waterfowl
Staying on designated routes, minimizing noise, and giving all wildlife wide berth to avoid stress and habitat disruption (Correct answer)
Restricting photography to avoid startling animals

Correct answer: Staying on designated routes, minimizing noise, and giving all wildlife wide berth to avoid stress and habitat disruption

Even in permitted areas, paddlers must follow designated routes, keep noise low, and maintain large distances from wildlife to prevent flushing, nest abandonment, and chronic stress.

Question 50: What is the primary function of a spray skirt on a kayak?

To attach rescue lines to the boat
To prevent water from entering the cockpit (Correct answer)
To improve paddling speed by reducing drag
To provide additional buoyancy in cold water

Correct answer: To prevent water from entering the cockpit

A spray skirt seals around the kayaker's waist and cockpit rim to prevent water from entering when waves or rapids wash over the deck.

ACA Instructor Certification

The ACA Instructor Certification program certifies individuals to teach paddling skills and promote safety in various paddle sports disciplines.

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