Nutritional Toxicology Flashcards

What is the primary concern of nutritional toxicology?

Answer: Studying the adverse effects of chemicals in food on human health

Nutritional toxicology is primarily concerned with investigating the adverse effects that chemicals present in food can have on human health. This field examines both naturally occurring toxins and contaminants, as well as the potential toxicity of essential nutrients when consumed in excessive amounts. Its goal is to understand how food components can become harmful.

Which naturally occurring toxin found in certain legumes can cause hemolytic anemia if consumed in large amounts?

Answer: Phytohemagglutinin

Phytohemagglutinin is a lectin found in certain legumes, particularly red kidney beans, and is toxic when consumed raw or undercooked. In large amounts, it can cause severe gastrointestinal distress and, more seriously, hemolytic anemia by clumping red blood cells. Proper cooking, such as boiling, destroys this toxin.

Aflatoxins, which can contaminate food supplies, are produced by which type of organism?

Answer: Fungi

Aflatoxins are potent mycotoxins produced by certain species of fungi, primarily Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These fungi commonly contaminate agricultural crops like corn, peanuts, and tree nuts, especially under warm and humid conditions. Ingesting aflatoxins can lead to serious health issues, including liver damage and cancer.

Which vitamin, when consumed in excessive amounts, can lead to toxicity known as hypervitaminosis?

Answer: Vitamin A

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin, meaning it can accumulate in the body's tissues rather than being easily excreted. When consumed in excessive amounts, this accumulation leads to a toxic condition known as hypervitaminosis A. Symptoms can include liver damage, bone pain, and neurological issues, highlighting the importance of balanced intake.

The presence of which compound in improperly stored potatoes can cause gastrointestinal and neurological disorders?

Answer: Solanine

Solanine is a glycoalkaloid toxin naturally present in potatoes, especially in green parts, sprouts, and eyes, or in potatoes that have been improperly stored and exposed to light. Ingesting high levels of solanine can cause a range of symptoms, from gastrointestinal upset like nausea and vomiting to neurological disorders such as headaches and hallucinations. It's crucial to avoid consuming green or sprouting potatoes.