ABO Ocular Disease & Pathology 2 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: A patient with long-standing hypertension presents with bilateral disc edema, flame-shaped hemorrhages, and cotton-wool spots. Which grade of Keith-Wagener-Barker hypertensive retinopathy does this represent?
- Grade I
- Grade II
- Grade III (Correct answer)
- Grade IV
Correct answer: Grade III
Grade III hypertensive retinopathy includes flame hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, and hard exudates along with AV nicking.
Question 2: Which of the following is the most common cause of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)?
- Vasculitis
- Embolism from carotid atherosclerosis (Correct answer)
- Hypercoagulable state
- Vasospasm
Correct answer: Embolism from carotid atherosclerosis
Emboli from carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques are the most frequent cause of CRAO.
Question 3: A 45-year-old presents with a sudden, painful red eye, corneal edema, mid-dilated non-reactive pupil, and IOP of 58 mmHg. What is the most likely diagnosis?
- Acute anterior uveitis
- Acute angle-closure glaucoma (Correct answer)
- Hypopyon
- Neovascular glaucoma
Correct answer: Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Acute angle-closure glaucoma presents with a painful red eye, corneal edema, mid-dilated pupil, and markedly elevated IOP.
Question 4: Lattice degeneration of the peripheral retina is most strongly associated with which refractive condition?
- Hyperopia
- Astigmatism
- Myopia (Correct answer)
- Presbyopia
Correct answer: Myopia
Lattice degeneration is found significantly more often in myopic eyes and increases the risk of retinal detachment.
Question 5: In Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, which layer of the cornea is primarily affected?
- Epithelium
- Stroma
- Bowman's layer
- Endothelium (Correct answer)
Correct answer: Endothelium
Fuchs dystrophy involves progressive loss of corneal endothelial cells leading to corneal edema and vision loss.
Question 6: A patient with rheumatoid arthritis presents with a painless, white, avascular area of thinning at the limbus. What is the most likely diagnosis?
- Episcleritis
- Peripheral ulcerative keratitis (Correct answer)
- Pterygium
- Band keratopathy
Correct answer: Peripheral ulcerative keratitis
Peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) is a limbal thinning condition associated with systemic autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
Question 7: Which finding on fluorescein angiography is most characteristic of choroidal neovascularization (CNV)?
- Window defect
- Blocked fluorescence
- Early hyperfluorescence with late leakage (Correct answer)
- Late staining without early filling
Correct answer: Early hyperfluorescence with late leakage
CNV shows early hyperfluorescence as new vessels fill, followed by late leakage of dye beyond the lesion borders.
ABO Ocular Disease & Pathology 2
A patient with long-standing hypertension presents with bilateral disc edema, flame-shaped hemorrhages, and cotton-wool spots.
Which grade of Keith-Wagener-Barker hypertensive retinopathy does this represent?