Ocular Disease & Pathology Flashcards

A patient with long-standing hypertension presents with bilateral disc edema, flame-shaped hemorrhages, and cotton-wool spots. Which grade of Keith-Wagener-Barker hypertensive retinopathy does this represent?

Answer: Grade III

Grade III hypertensive retinopathy includes flame hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, and hard exudates along with AV nicking.

Which of the following is the most common cause of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)?

Answer: Embolism from carotid atherosclerosis

Emboli from carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques are the most frequent cause of CRAO.

A 45-year-old presents with a sudden, painful red eye, corneal edema, mid-dilated non-reactive pupil, and IOP of 58 mmHg. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer: Acute angle-closure glaucoma

Acute angle-closure glaucoma presents with a painful red eye, corneal edema, mid-dilated pupil, and markedly elevated IOP.

Lattice degeneration of the peripheral retina is most strongly associated with which refractive condition?

Answer: Myopia

Lattice degeneration is found significantly more often in myopic eyes and increases the risk of retinal detachment.

In Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, which layer of the cornea is primarily affected?

Answer: Endothelium

Fuchs dystrophy involves progressive loss of corneal endothelial cells leading to corneal edema and vision loss.

A patient with rheumatoid arthritis presents with a painless, white, avascular area of thinning at the limbus. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer: Peripheral ulcerative keratitis

Peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) is a limbal thinning condition associated with systemic autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.

Which finding on fluorescein angiography is most characteristic of choroidal neovascularization (CNV)?

Answer: Early hyperfluorescence with late leakage

CNV shows early hyperfluorescence as new vessels fill, followed by late leakage of dye beyond the lesion borders.