Pharmacology Flashcards

What is the mechanism of action of beta-blockers?

Answer: Reduce heart rate and myocardial contractility

Beta-blockers exert their therapeutic effects by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors, primarily beta-1 receptors in the heart. This blockade leads to a reduction in heart rate, decreased myocardial contractility (the force of heart muscle contraction), and consequently, a decrease in cardiac output and blood pressure. They are used to treat conditions like hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias by reducing the heart's workload.

Which antibiotic is contraindicated in children under 8 years old due to potential tooth discoloration?

Answer: Tetracycline

Tetracycline antibiotics are contraindicated in children under 8 years old and in pregnant or breastfeeding women because they can cause permanent discoloration of developing teeth (yellow-gray-brown) and inhibit bone growth. This is due to their ability to chelate calcium and deposit in calcifying tissues. This side effect is a significant concern for pediatric dental health.

What is the first-line pharmacological treatment for Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Answer: Metformin

Metformin is widely recognized as the first-line pharmacological treatment for Type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially in overweight or obese patients. It works primarily by decreasing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. Its efficacy, favorable safety profile, and low risk of hypoglycemia make it the preferred initial agent for managing blood glucose levels.

Which medication class is commonly used as a first-line treatment for hyperlipidemia?

Answer: Statins

Statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are the most commonly used and highly effective first-line medication class for treating hyperlipidemia, particularly elevated LDL cholesterol. They work by inhibiting an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis in the liver, leading to a reduction in circulating cholesterol levels. This action significantly decreases the risk of cardiovascular events.

In managing an acute asthma exacerbation, which medication is used for rapid relief?

Answer: Short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs)

Short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs), such as albuterol, are the cornerstone of rapid relief medication for acute asthma exacerbations. They work by relaxing the smooth muscles of the airways, leading to bronchodilation and quick improvement in symptoms like wheezing and shortness of breath. Long-acting beta-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids are for long-term control, not acute relief.