Philosophy and Critical Thinking Flashcards

Which type of argument moves from specific observations to a general conclusion?

Answer: Inductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning draws broad generalizations from specific cases or observations.

A deductive argument is considered valid when:

Answer: If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true

Validity in deductive logic means the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are actually true.

Which philosopher is known for the Socratic method of questioning?

Answer: Socrates

Socrates developed the dialectical method of inquiry through questioning to stimulate critical thinking and expose contradictions.

The philosophical position that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience is called:

Answer: Empiricism

Empiricism holds that knowledge is derived from sensory experience, as championed by philosophers like John Locke and David Hume.

Which logical fallacy involves attacking the person making an argument rather than the argument itself?

Answer: Ad hominem

Ad hominem (Latin for 'to the person') is the fallacy of attacking the character or circumstances of the arguer instead of addressing their argument.

Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative asks us to:

Answer: Act only according to principles you could will to be universal laws

Kant's categorical imperative holds that we should act only on principles (maxims) that we could consistently will everyone to follow universally.

A sound argument is one that is:

Answer: Valid and has all true premises

A sound argument must be both valid (proper logical form) and have all true premises, ensuring the conclusion is actually true.