FREE NCC Human Growth and Development Question and Answers
Which theorist believed in the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
Vygotsky believed the potential for cognitive development depended upon the ZPD, which was a level of development attained when children engage in social interactions. When the social interaction is guided by an adult or collaborated with peers, the ZPD exceeds what one could achieve individually. Kohlberg is known for his work with moral development; Piaget is known for his theory of cognitive development in children; and Erickson for his eight stages of psychosocial development.
A counselor intensifies a client's emotional state to show the client the irrationality of her emotional reaction. What is this technique known as?
Victor Frankl developed the technique of Paradoxical intention and used it with clients who had severe anxiety. Transactional-Analysis is used by psychoanalysts to help clients determine their ego states in order to understand behavior. For behavior change, therapists help clients alter the state of their ego (parent, child, or adult-like). Systematic Desensitization is a behavioral therapy technique developed by Wolpe to help clients overcome phobias
How many stages are there of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg?
Kohlberg's stages have three levels (pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional) and six stages:
1. obedience and punishment orientation
2. individualism and exchange
3. good interpersonal relationships
4. maintaining the social order
5. social contract and individual rights
6. universal principles.
Kohlberg's theory of moral development has three progressive levels ending in:
In Kohlberg's third level, individuals do come to realize they are separate from their society, but this occurs in the 5th stage. Principled thought comes after moving through the 6th stage, which Kohlberg believed few people actually reached.
According to Piaget's stages of moral judgment, a child younger than age ten will think which of the following is worse?
Piaget saw moral judgment broken into two age brackets: below and above age ten. Those under age ten tended to judge wrong-doings by the amount of damage caused rather than the intention behind the act. Hence, even though the person in answer A had the best intentions, he broke more dishes and, therefore, is seen as more wrong. Since the person stealing only knocked over one cup, it is not viewed as bad as breaking five dishes.
Under which of the following circumstances is it not okay to break patient confidentiality?
The patient's employer has no right to request information he or she shared in a confidential session with a therapist, even if it is through the Employee Assistance Program. Therapists are required to break confidentiality when someone's safety is at risk. Courts can subpoena charts, which is why therapists should be careful about taking notes during sessions.
If a child is learning to use abstract concepts, which of Piaget's stages is she in?
Typically around the age of 11 or 12, children are moving into the Formal Operational Stage where they are learning to think about abstract concepts. The Concrete Operational Stage is characterized by applying logic.
A college student viewing a situation as good or bad or right or wrong is using:
Perry believed college students go through 4 stages of mental and moral development: Dualism, Multiplicity, Relativism, and Commitment. Dualistic thinking occurs in Dualism when students believe every problem is solvable and they are to learn the right answers. Relativistic thinking is the belief that every issue must be evaluated because everything is contextual.
Which of the following is not a factor in the sleep patterns of adolescents?
Teens require more sleep than the average adult due to their rapid growth. A teen's decreased sleep patterns do not generally stem from defiant behavior. Teens have biorhythm changes, making them more likely to stay up late and sleep later. They are inundated with academic and social demands which may impair the amount or quality of their sleep.
When present in females, the Oedipus Complex is referred to as the:
Freud described the Oedipus Complex as a stage when a boy develops feelings of desire for his mother and has feelings of anger and jealousy toward his father. The Electra Complex is when a girl develops feelings of desire for her father and has feelings of anger and jealousy toward her mother.
Which of the following interventions is not commonly used in Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)?
Interpersonal Therapy is a short term, solution focused treatment mainly for clients who have depression. The ABC Model is a cognitive behavioral therapy technique developed by Albert Ellis to use when clients hold irrational beliefs.