Free Juris Doctor: Logical Reasoning Questions and Answers

Question 1

Before performing an operation, good doctors make their patients aware of any potential hazards. Kate's doctor is unethical because, prior to performing the procedure, he failed to inform Kate of the hazards.

Which of the following would allow a proper conclusion to be reached as an assumption?

Accepted Answer

All ethical physicians are good physicians

Answer

Kate’s physician normally warns patients about the risks of procedures before she operates on her patients

Answer

Some physicians who are good physicians fail to act ethically in every circumstance.

Answer

If a physician does not warn a patient of the possible risks before the procedure, the physician is unethical.

Question 2

Historian: Although some people contend that the Trois-Frères cave paintings depict scenes early humans experienced while hunting, these ancient cave paintings actually represent some of the earliest known examples of early human religious rituals. For example, in the caves’ entrance, paintings show a variety of animals harmoniously gliding through space. The animals in the painting are not animals that would typically cohabitate peacefully. Likewise, at the center of the cave, a large picture of a half-animal, half-man creature is painted high on the ceiling in a place often referred to as “the cathedral”. The half-animal, half-man creature represents the homosapiens early representation of a god that they believed controlled all the animals they hunted, and the floating animals represent the spirits of the dead animals returning to their god.

Which of the following, if accurate, would support the author's main assertion the most?

Accepted Answer

The half-animal, half-man creature painted in the center of the cave does not remotely resemble any animal that has ever existed.

Answer

The animals depicted in the cave were animals often hunted by early human predecessors.

Answer

Underneath the paintings, archaeologists discovered piles of burned animal bones.

Answer

Recently, someone discovered a sculpture carved out of flint that looked very much like the half-animal, half-beast creature.

Question 3

According to studies, the population of cities with more churches is typically less educated than the population of places with fewer churches. The rejection of scientific notions like the theory of evolution or global warming is encouraged by many churches today. Today's churches often caution members against holding beliefs that run counter to their teachings. Therefore, cities with greater populations have more inhabitants who doubt the knowledge they learn in educational institutions like high schools and colleges because they are taught to disbelieve science and to disbelieve any information that might contradict church doctrines.

This argument is weak for the following reasons:

Accepted Answer

overlooks the possibility that cities with fewer churches have fewer churches as people are less likely to attend church the more educated they become

Answer

presumes, without providing justification, that all educational institutions teach that global warming and evolution are true.

Answer

presumes without providing justification that churchgoers always believe what they learn at church more than what they learn at an educational setting

Answer

does not consider that cities with more churches also have larger populations.

Question 4

Architects that appreciate historic architecture are able to design very innovative modern buildings. Without having an appreciation for historic architecture, an architect can never design a famous modern building.

If the above statements are true, which of the following statements can be properly inferred?

Accepted Answer

If an architect is not able to design very innovative modern buildings, then that architect can never design a famous building.

Answer

If an architect wants to design a very innovative building, the architect must appreciate historic architecture.

Answer

Architects that design famous modern buildings design innovative buildings.

Answer

Architects who appreciate historic architecture can design famous modern buildings.

Question 5

Jake: In many places, physician assistants and nurse practitioners are capable of carrying out practically all of the treatments that were previously reserved for doctors. This demonstrates that despite their longer education, doctors learn no more in medical school than nurse practitioners and physician assistants do.

Although it is true that many nurse practitioners and physician assistants carry out many of the same procedures as doctors, Adriana points out that many states still demand that a doctor supervise any procedure carried out by a nurse practitioner or physician assistant. As a result, doctors undoubtedly receive training that nurse practitioners and physician assistants do not.

The conversation suggests that Jake and Adriana most likely disagree with:

Accepted Answer

physicians receive training at medical school that nurse practitioners or physician assistants do not.

Answer

it is necessary for a physician to oversee procedures performed by nurse practitioners and physician assistants.

Answer

doctors should be paid the same as physicians assistants or nurse practitioners.

Answer

medical school is overpriced.

Question 6

Mayor: There is a severe dearth of funding for the city's police department. Due to a lack of funds, our dedicated officers are forced to operate antiquated equipment and drive antiquated cars. If we want to keep our citizens safe, we must allocate more money to the police department so that personnel can be adequately equipped with better tools and vehicles. Officers can't effectively battle crime if they don't have the necessary tools.

Which of the following would substantially undermine the mayor's case if true?

Accepted Answer

Statistics show that supplying officers with new technology and new vehicles has no impact on crime.

Answer

The last mayor increased the police force’s budget to pay for a new jail.

Answer

Past mayors didn’t see the need for new equipment and chose not to increase the police force’s budget.

Answer

Recent studies show that many cities have police forces that are severely underfunded.

Question 7

When they feel their job is not valued, they get dissatisfied with it. Employees stay with their employers for a long time when they receive frequent praise for their efforts and straightforward communication when they are underperforming. Underappreciated workers always leave their employment eventually.

Which of the following things must also be true if the aforementioned claim is accurate?

Accepted Answer

Employers that compliment employees and communicate when employees are under performing have satisfied employees.

Answer

Employees who perform well are more likely to stay in a job because their employers give them more compliments.

Answer

Satisfied employees are uncommon.

Answer

Employers who frequently lose employees must treat their employees poorly.