FREE Juris Doctor: Logical Reasoning Questions and Answers
Historian: Although some people contend that the Trois-Frères cave paintings depict scenes early humans experienced while hunting, these ancient cave paintings actually represent some of the earliest known examples of early human religious rituals. For example, in the caves’ entrance, paintings show a variety of animals harmoniously gliding through space. The animals in the painting are not animals that would typically cohabitate peacefully. Likewise, at the center of the cave, a large picture of a half-animal, half-man creature is painted high on the ceiling in a place often referred to as “the cathedral”. The half-animal, half-man creature represents the homosapiens early representation of a god that they believed controlled all the animals they hunted, and the floating animals represent the spirits of the dead animals returning to their god.
Which of the following, if accurate, would support the author's main assertion the most?
If a creature that resembled the half-man, half-animal depicted in the artwork really did exist, the painters were probably depicting this creature rather than a hypothetical god.
According to studies, the population of cities with more churches is typically less educated than the population of places with fewer churches. The rejection of scientific notions like the theory of evolution or global warming is encouraged by many churches today. Today's churches often caution members against holding beliefs that run counter to their teachings. Therefore, cities with greater populations have more inhabitants who doubt the knowledge they learn in educational institutions like high schools and colleges because they are taught to disbelieve science and to disbelieve any information that might contradict church doctrines.
This argument is weak for the following reasons:
The author's logic disregards the potential that, rather than churches having an impact on a city's people' level of education, the level of education of a city's residents may have a negative impact on the number of churchgoers in a specific city.
Architects that appreciate historic architecture are able to design very innovative modern buildings. Without having an appreciation for historic architecture, an architect can never design a famous modern building.
If the above statements are true, which of the following statements can be properly inferred?
The following results from summing the contrapositives of the first and second statements:
DIMB →AAHA → ADFMB
Which means DIMB → ADFMB
When they feel their job is not valued, they get dissatisfied with it. Employees stay with their employers for a long time when they receive frequent praise for their efforts and straightforward communication when they are underperforming. Underappreciated workers always leave their employment eventually.
Which of the following things must also be true if the aforementioned claim is accurate?
This is the first and last statement's diagram.
Dissatisfied workers who feel underappreciated tend to leave their jobs.
The illustration for the second assertion appears as follows:
Employers Congratulate
+ Leave Job
Employers Interact
Performance Issues
We get this by applying the second statement's contrapositive to the first statement's contrapositive.
Employers Congratulate
Employee Dissatisfaction, Feeling Underappreciated, and Quitting the Job
Employers interact.
Performance Issues
In essence, employees feel content (the opposite of dissatisfied) when managers give them praise and talk to them about poor performance.
Mayor: There is a severe dearth of funding for the city's police department. Due to a lack of funds, our dedicated officers are forced to operate antiquated equipment and drive antiquated cars. If we want to keep our citizens safe, we must allocate more money to the police department so that personnel can be adequately equipped with better tools and vehicles. Officers can't effectively battle crime if they don't have the necessary tools.
Which of the following would substantially undermine the mayor's case if true?
If new equipment and vehicles do not reduce crime, then the mayor's planned equipment and vehicles will not have any effect on public safety.
Before performing an operation, good doctors make their patients aware of any potential hazards. Kate's doctor is unethical because, prior to performing the procedure, he failed to inform Kate of the hazards.
Which of the following would allow a proper conclusion to be reached as an assumption?
Good Physician = Ethical Physician
This is what you get when you combine the contrapositive of this rule with the contrapositive of the first sentence:
Educates Patients on Risks; Good Doctor; Ethical Doctor
Jake: In many places, physician assistants and nurse practitioners are capable of carrying out practically all of the treatments that were previously reserved for doctors. This demonstrates that despite their longer education, doctors learn no more in medical school than nurse practitioners and physician assistants do.
Although it is true that many nurse practitioners and physician assistants carry out many of the same procedures as doctors, Adriana points out that many states still demand that a doctor supervise any procedure carried out by a nurse practitioner or physician assistant. As a result, doctors undoubtedly receive training that nurse practitioners and physician assistants do not.
The conversation suggests that Jake and Adriana most likely disagree with:
According to Jake, because physician assistants and nurse practitioners are able to carry out the same procedures as doctors, they all undergo the same training.
Adriana disagrees, pointing out that most treatments carried out by nurse practitioners and physician assistants are supervised by doctors.