Free Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm.) Human Anatomy & Physiology Questions and Answers — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Tetany is a relative of
- Hypocalcemia (Correct answer)
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Both a and b
- None of above
Correct answer: Hypocalcemia
Tetany is a medical sign characterized by involuntary muscle contractions, cramps, and spasms. It is primarily caused by hypocalcemia, which is an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood. Low extracellular calcium increases the excitability of nerve and muscle cells, leading to spontaneous and sustained muscle contractions.
Question 2: The bone of the upper jaw is
- Hyoid
- Mandible
- Maxilla (Correct answer)
- Ethmoid
Correct answer: Maxilla
The maxilla is the bone that forms the upper jaw. It is a paired bone that fuses in the midline, housing the upper teeth and contributing to the structure of the face, including the floor of the nasal cavity and the orbits. In contrast, the mandible forms the lower jaw.
Question 3: An example of the shoulder joint is:
- Pivot joint
- Hinge Joint
- Gliding joint
- Ball and socket joint (Correct answer)
Correct answer: Ball and socket joint
The shoulder joint, specifically the glenohumeral joint, is a classic example of a ball and socket joint. This type of synovial joint allows for the greatest range of motion, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation. This extensive mobility is due to the spherical head of the humerus fitting into the cup-like glenoid cavity of the scapula.
Question 4: The layer of the endocardium is
- stomach
- heart (Correct answer)
- lung
- kidney
Correct answer: heart
The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the heart valves. It is a thin, smooth membrane that helps to ensure efficient blood flow and prevent clotting within the heart. Therefore, it is an integral part of the heart structure.
Question 5: The backup pacemaker is
- SA node
- AV node (Correct answer)
- purkinje fibre
- Bundle of his
Correct answer: AV node
While the sinoatrial (SA) node is the primary pacemaker of the heart, initiating the electrical impulses, the atrioventricular (AV) node serves as a crucial backup pacemaker. If the SA node fails or its impulses are blocked, the AV node can take over to generate electrical impulses, albeit at a slower rate, ensuring the heart continues to beat.
Question 6: Peritonium is an
- inner covering of rectum
- outer covering of thorax
- Outer covering of elementary tract in abdomen (Correct answer)
- None of Above
Correct answer: Outer covering of elementary tract in abdomen
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity and covers most of the abdominal organs, including the elementary tract. It consists of two layers: the parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the organs. This membrane supports and protects the abdominal organs while allowing them to move smoothly.
Question 7: There are parotid glands in the
- Intestine
- Pharynx
- Stomach
- mouth (Correct answer)
Correct answer: mouth
The parotid glands are the largest of the major salivary glands, located on either side of the face, just in front of and below the ears. They secrete saliva into the mouth through Stensen's duct. Their primary function is to produce serous saliva, which aids in digestion and lubrication within the oral cavity.
Question 8: Succus entericus has a connection to
- Intestinal juice (Correct answer)
- Enzymes present in stomach
- Pancreatic Juice
- None of these
Correct answer: Intestinal juice
Succus entericus is the scientific term for the intestinal juice, a fluid secreted by the glands in the small intestine. This juice contains water, mucus, and various enzymes such as peptidases, disaccharidases, and intestinal lipase. These enzymes are essential for the final stages of digestion, breaking down food into absorbable nutrients.
Question 9: Which of these glands functions both exocrine and endocrinely?
- Pancreas (Correct answer)
- Liver
- Thyroid gland
- Parotid gland
Correct answer: Pancreas
The pancreas is a unique organ that performs both exocrine and endocrine functions. Its exocrine function involves producing digestive enzymes that are secreted into the small intestine. Its endocrine function involves producing hormones like insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels and are secreted directly into the bloodstream.
Question 10: Hyaline cartilages in the C shape are found in
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea (Correct answer)
- None of these
Correct answer: Trachea
The trachea, or windpipe, is supported by 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage. These cartilaginous rings are crucial for maintaining an open airway, preventing the trachea from collapsing during respiration. The C-shape allows for slight expansion of the esophagus, which lies posterior to the trachea, during swallowing.
Question 11: Tonsils can be found in
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Larynx
- Pharynx (Correct answer)
Correct answer: Pharynx
Tonsils are lymphoid tissues that are an important part of the immune system, strategically located in the pharynx (throat). The palatine tonsils are visible at the back of the throat, while adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils) are in the nasopharynx. They act as a first line of defense against inhaled or ingested pathogens.
Question 12: Carbon dioxide buildup in the lungs is referred to as
- Anorexia
- Asphyxia (Correct answer)
- Anoxia
- None of the above
Correct answer: Asphyxia
Asphyxia refers to a condition caused by a severe deficiency of oxygen and/or an excess of carbon dioxide in the body, often due to impaired breathing or suffocation. While anoxia specifically means a complete lack of oxygen, asphyxia encompasses the broader physiological disturbance resulting from inadequate gas exchange, including CO2 buildup in the lungs.
Question 13: The kidney's fundamental unit is
- Nephron (Correct answer)
- Loop of henley
- Glmerulus
- None of these
Correct answer: Nephron
The nephron is the fundamental and functional unit of the kidney. Each kidney contains millions of nephrons, which are responsible for the vital processes of filtering blood, reabsorbing essential substances, and excreting waste products to form urine. The loop of Henle and glomerulus are specific components within a nephron.
Question 14: Glucose reabsorption primarily occurs in:
- Collecting duct
- Distal convulated tubules
- Loop of henley
- Proximal convulated tubule (Correct answer)
Correct answer: Proximal convulated tubule
The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is the primary site for the reabsorption of most filtered substances in the kidney. Nearly all of the filtered glucose, amino acids, and a significant portion of sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and water are reabsorbed here. This extensive reabsorption is crucial for maintaining the body's nutrient balance and preventing their loss in urine.
Question 15: The hormone that affects the body's basic metabolic rate is
- Calcitonin
- Arenaline
- Pratharmone
- Thyroxin (Correct answer)
Correct answer: Thyroxin
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), collectively known as thyroid hormones, are produced by the thyroid gland and are the primary regulators of the body's basal metabolic rate (BMR). These hormones influence the rate at which cells convert nutrients into energy, affecting growth, development, and overall energy expenditure.
Question 16: Melatonin is produced by the
- Adrenal gland
- Pineal gland (Correct answer)
- Adenophysis
- Thymus gland
Correct answer: Pineal gland
The pineal gland, a small endocrine gland located deep in the brain, is primarily responsible for producing the hormone melatonin. Melatonin plays a crucial role in regulating the body's sleep-wake cycles (circadian rhythms) and seasonal functions. Its secretion is influenced by light and darkness, signaling the body's internal clock.
Free Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm.) Human Anatomy & Physiology Questions and Answers
Tetany is a relative of